Numismatics and Bonistics of Former Yugoslavian States as a Source for Studies in Modern History

В ходе трансформации государств на западных Балканах их элиты чувствовали необходимость зафиксировать изменения в форме государственных символов. Наиболее распространенный символ государственности, с которым большинство граждан сталкивается чаще всего, – деньги. Все новые государства обратили пристальное внимание на внешний вид своих денежных знаков регулярного обращения и памятных монет. Сербские государственные образования, очевидно, находились под властью элит, которые не считали важным признать историю сербского народа как основу своей государственности. Лишь в Словении и Хорватии элиты поняли и от первого долгожданного успеха в борьбе за независимость и до нынешних дней сохранили уважительное и бережное отношение к памятным и юбилейным монетам. Есть одна общая деталь, которая сближает банкноты и монеты государств – наследников СФРЮ. Это «мужские» деньги, на которых женщины появляются значительно реже, чем мужчины.During the transformation of states in the Western Balkans, their elites felt the need to fix changes in the form of state symbols. The common symbol of statehood that citizens encounter most often is money. Every new state paid considerable attention to the appearance of their banknotes of regular circulation and commemorative coins. The Serbian state formations, however, were obviously under the rule of elites who did not consider it important to recognize the history of the Serbian people as the basis of their statehood. Only in Slovenia and Croatia did the elites understand it. Since the first long-awaited success in the struggle for independence and up to the present day they have retained a respectful and careful attitude towards commemorative and jubilee coins. There is a common detail that brings together banknotes and coins of the post-SFRY successor states. This is “male” money, on which women appear much less frequently than men

Brownian refrigeration by hybrid tunnel junctions

Voltage fluctuations generated in a hot resistor can cause extraction of heat from a colder normal metal electrode of a hybrid tunnel junction between a normal metal and a superconductor. We extend the analysis presented in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 210604 (2007)] of this heat rectifying system, bearing resemblance to a Maxwell's demon. Explicit analytic calculations show that the entropy of the total system is always increasing. We then consider a single electron transistor configuration with two hybrid junctions in series, and show how the cooling is influenced by charging effects. We analyze also the cooling effect from nonequilibrium fluctuations instead of thermal noise, focusing on the shot noise generated in another tunnel junction. We conclude by discussing limitations for an experimental observation of the effect.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figure