Socioeconomic impacts of innovative dairy supply chain practices. The case of the Laiterie du Berger in the Senegalese Sahel

This study analyzes the Laiterie Du Berger (LDB)'s milk supply chain and its contribution to strengthening the food security and socioeconomic resources of Senegalese Sahelian pastoral households. Porter's value chain model is used to characterize the innovations introduced by the LDB dairy in its milk inbound logistics and supplier relationships. A socioeconomic food security index and qualitative data are used to assess the dairy's supply chain's contribution to strengthen smallholder households' livelihoods. Data for this research were obtained through individual surveys, focus groups and in-depth interviews of LDB managers and milk suppliers. Results show that milk income contributes significantly to household food security. Suppliers who stabilize their dairy income between rainy and dry seasons, diversify income sources and have larger herds are more likely to remain food secure. The LDB innovations contribute by helping herders access biophysical and economic resources, leading to better livestock feed and household food security. (Résumé d'auteur

The distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH) regions (by length of the ROH region) is shown.

<p>Age of first phrase (AFP) was classified into early-AFP and late-AFP groups by the k-means clustering algorithm.</p

The analysis results based on the late age of first phrase (late-AFP) group are shown.

<p>Panel A shows the scatter plot of REHH plotted against all core haplotype frequency (circled dot indicates the selected core haplotype “rs1074014-rs1072877-rs1564582-rs11212724-rs11211725”). Panel B shows the haplotype bifurcation diagram, which visualizes the breakdown of LD at increasing distances from core haplotypes at the selected core region. The root of each diagram is a core haplotype, identified by a dark blue circle. Panel C illustrates how the REHH value varies by the selected core haplotype. Panel D shows the table of core haplotype, and the dot in the observed haplotype sequence represents the allele that matches the ancestral. Panel E presents the theoretical phylogenetic tree of different core haplotypes. Gray squares represent haplotypes that are not present in the observed data, but are missing links in the phylogeny. The area of the squares is proportional to the frequency of the haplotype.</p

The analysis results based on the early-AFP group are shown.

<p>Panel A shows the scatter plot of REHH plotted against all core haplotype frequency (circled dot indicates the selected core haplotype “rs1074014-rs1072877-rs1564582-rs11212724-rs11211725”). Panel B shows the haplotype bifurcation diagram, which visualizes the breakdown of LD at increasing distances from core haplotypes at the selected core region. The root of each diagram is a core haplotype, identified by a dark blue circle. Panel C illustrates how the REHH value varies by the selected core haplotype. Panel D shows the table of core haplotype, and the dot in the observed haplotype sequence represents the allele that matches the ancestral. Panel E presents the theoretical phylogenetic tree of different core haplotypes. Gray squares represent haplotypes that are not present in the observed data, but are missing links in the phylogeny. The area of the squares is proportional to the frequency of the haplotype.</p

Case-control association test results for 4 runs of homozygosity (ROH) regions nominally associated with the risk of autism (unadjusted p-value <0.01) in the discovery sample.

*<p>R_Case = prevalence rate of the ROH marker in cases; R_Ctrl = prevalence rate of the ROH marker in controls;</p>Δ<p>Unadjusted p-values based on the Fisher’s exact tests.</p

The association findings for age of first phrase (AFP) are presented as –log₁₀ p-values (unadjusted by multiple tests) across the whole autosome.

<p>The arrow indicates the ROH region at 11q22.3.</p

Case-only association test results for age of first phrase (only unadjusted p-value <1×10⁻⁵ were shown).

*<p>Bonferroni-corrected p-value.</p

Linkage disequilibrium patterns in the 11q22.3 region are shown.

<p>Linkage disequilibrium patterns in the 11q22.3 region are shown.</p

Demographic features of cases in the discovery population.

1<p>Maternal and paternal education: 1≤6 years, 2 = 7−9 years; 3 = 10−12 years, 4 = 13−16 years, 5 = >16 years.</p>2<p>SRST: Total social responsiveness score assessed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-revised.</p>3<p>SCQ: social communication quotient total score.</p>4<p>FSTBEH: Stereotype behavior/interest score assessed by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-revised.</p>5<p>The unit of age of phrase is month.</p>6<p>VIQ = verbal IQ; PIQ = performance IQ.</p>7<p>The unit of paternal/maternal age is year.</p

AUT772813_Supplementary_material – Supplemental material for Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and the clinical implications on autism spectrum disorder

<p>Supplemental material, AUT772813_Supplementary_material for Prenatal and perinatal risk factors and the clinical implications on autism spectrum disorder by Yi-Ling Chien, Miao-Chun Chou, Wen-Jiun Chou, Yu-Yu Wu, Wen-Che Tsai, Yen-Nan Chiu and Susan Shur-Fen Gau in Autism</p