Analysis of LULUCF Accounting Rules after 2012

Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities can allow Annex I parties in the Kyoto Protocol to decrease their carbon emission reduction pressure, and comparably expanding more emission space for their domestic industries and energy production. The loopholes resulted from LULUCF activity types and specific accounting methods are always argued among the different parties, particularly including harvested wood products, influences of force majeure, threshold values of the reference level, and gross-net or net-net accounting methods. For estimating uncertainties in accounting loopholes, and to avoid that developed countries take advantage of the accounting loopholes of LULUCF to decrease their emission reduction pressure, the LULUCF data submitted from the main developed countries in Annex I, including EU 27, Canada, Japan, and Russia, were collected. According to the analysis of these data, the loopholes influence the accounting results of LULUCF. The results show that the uncertainty of harvested wood products is excessive. The carbon sink produced by LULUCF activities will increase averagely by at least 30% without force majeure. The threshold values of the reference level of carbon sink should be set to a higher level. The net-net accounting method might be more suitable for LULUCF after 2012. Liu, S., Y. Li, Q. Gao, et al., 2011: Analysis of LULUCF accounting rules after 2012. Adv . Clim . Change Res ., 2 (4), doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1248.2011.00178

TOGR1 is predominantly localized in the nucleolus, whereas togr1-1 cannot enter the nucleus.

<p>Subcellular localization of TOGR1-GFP (A, green) and togr1-1-GFP (B, green) were visualized and photographed in protoplasts. The nucleus was stained by Hoechst dye (purple). HDT1-RFP (D, red) was used as a nucleolus marker. Protoplasts were prepared from rice seedlings and were transformed with constructs containing <i>35S</i>::<i>TOGR1</i>:<i>GFP</i> (A), <i>35S</i>::<i>togr1-1</i>:<i>GFP</i> (B) and <i>35S</i>::<i>TOGR1</i>:<i>GFP</i> plus <i>35S</i>::<i>HDT1</i>:<i>RFP</i>, respectively. <i>35S</i>::<i>GFP</i> (C) was used as a control. Scale bars: 10 μm.</p

<i>togr1-1</i> is a thermosensitive dwarf mutant.

<p><b>(A)</b> Wild-type (WT) Zhongxian 3037 and the thermosensitive dwarf mutant (<i>togr1-1</i>) grown in fields of three locations in China under different temperature conditions. Growing seasons are: Beijing and Yangzhou, summer-autumn; Lingshui, winter-spring. Scale bars: 20 cm. <b>(B and C)</b> Growth of WT and <i>togr1-1</i> seedlings at four different temperatures. Newly geminated seedlings were grown in climate chambers at indicated temperatures for three weeks before photographing and measurement. Sensitivity of the mutant to high temperature was evaluated by comparing maximum root length (MRL), crown root number (CRN) and upground plant height (UPH) between the WT and <i>togr1-1</i>. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 15 plants). Scale bars: 5 cm. r_MRL = -0.840; r_CRN = -0.797; r_UPH = -0.868; p<0.001; Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.</p

TOGR1 promotes an effective processing of rRNA intermediates at high temperatures.

<p><b>(A)</b> Northern analysis of rRNA intermediates in WT and <i>togr1-1</i> plants. Total RNA extracted from WT and <i>togr1-1</i> leaves at 25°C and 38°C was separated on 1.2% denaturing agarose gel and hybridized with specific oligonucleotides (<i>S1</i>-<i>S6</i>) indicated by horizontal arrows in the schematic 35S precursor blow, in which the transcription initiation site (TIS, +1) and three of the endonucleolytic cleavage sites (P, +1162; A3, +3662; C2) are shown as well. Methylene blue staining of the blot (MB) and hybridizations with <i>S2</i> and <i>S6</i> were used as loading controls. Sizes of RNA markers (kb) are given on the left. Expected mature and intermediate rRNAs are labeled on the right. The detected rRNA intermediates are also designated with symbols together with diagrammatic representations (lower panel). <b>(B)</b> Detection of <i>P-A3</i> intermediate accumulated at 38°Cby circular RT-PCR. Negative image of EBr stained 1% agarose gel is shown. The indicated band was excised, cloned and sequenced. Sizes of DNA markers (kb) are indicated on the left. The amplified 5′ and 3′ extremities (solid lines) of <i>P-A3</i> relative to the 35S precursor are presented in the diagram. Oligonucleotide (horizontal arrow) <i>CRT1</i> was used to synthesize first strand cDNA and <i>CRTF</i> and <i>CRTR</i> were used in amplification. The number of sequenced clones and polyadenylated clones (in parentheses) for WT and <i>togr1-1</i> is given on the right.</p

<i>TOGR1</i> encodes a DEAD-box RNA helicase under control of both temperature and the circadian clock.

<p><b>(A</b>) Schematic diagram shows the TOGR1 protein containing nine canonical motifs of DEAD-box RNA helicases. The mutation site of togr1-1 (G to V) is indicated by an inverted vertical arrow. <b>(B)</b> Circadian expression pattern of <i>TOGR1</i>. Plants were entrained in 12-h-light/12-h-dark conditions and subsequently grown under constant light conditions (ZT0-ZT12, light; ZT12-ZT24, dark; ZT24-ZT60, constant light; temperature, 30°C). RNA was extracted from leave blades and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 replicates). <b>(C)</b> Time course analysis of the effect of high temperature on transcription of <i>TOGR1</i>. Two-week-old WT Zhongxian3037 seedlings grown under 12-h-light-25°C/12-h-dark-20°C conditions were transferred to 35°C at ZT4. Transcript level of <i>TOGR1</i> was analyzed every one hour. Seedlings kept at 25°C were used as control. <b>(D)</b> Transcript level of <i>TOGR1</i> under different temperatures. <b>(C and D)</b> Total RNA was extracted from seedlings. Data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 replicates). NS, not significant; *p < 0. 05; **p<0.01; one-way ANOVA, <i>a priori</i> contrasts. For correlation analysis, r = 0.923; p<0.001; Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. <b>(E)</b> Schematic representations of the 5'-ROX labeled 3'-overhang RNA substrate and the single-strand RNA product detected in helicase assay after unwinding. <b>(F)</b> TOGR1 is capable of unwinding RNA duplexes. Helicase activity of TOGR1 (T1) and togr1-1 (t1) on the 3'-overhang RNA duplex were analyzed at indicated temperatures, respectively. Products were detected after 30 min incubation unless otherwise specified. C1, TOGR1 without ATP; C2, togr1-1 without ATP; C3, Precision protease; C4, 3'-overhang substrate; C5, 5'-ROX labeled single strand RNA; C6, 3'-overhang substrate boiled for 5 min. Sizes of the double strand RNA substrate (dsRNA) and the single strand product (ssRNA) are indicated.</p

Association of TOGR1 with the SSU is required for an effective cell proliferation at high temperatures.

<p><b>(A-D)</b> Complementation of genetically depleted <i>Rrp3</i> in yeast by ectopically expressing <i>TOGR1-HA</i> or <i>togr1-1-HA</i>. A yeast YPH499 strain in which the chromosomally encoded <i>Rrp3</i> was placed under control of the doxycycline (DOX)-repressible <i>tetO7</i> promoter was transformed with <i>TOGR1-HA</i> and <i>togr1-1-HA</i> controlled by the galactose (GAL)-inducible promoter <i>GAL1</i>. Growth of yeast was monitored on GAL+DOX medium at 38°C and 30°C. A strain carrying empty <i>pYES2</i> vector was used as a negative control. Three 10-fold serial dilutions were spotted. For (B and D), data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 3 replicates). <b>(E)</b> Immunoprecipitation-northern assay to detect association of TOGR1-HA and togr1-1-HA with the yeast U3 snoRNA. Uninduced <i>GAL1</i>::<i>TOGR1</i>:<i>HA</i> was used as a negative control. <b>(F)</b> Immunoprecipitation-northern assay to detect association of TOGR1-HA with the rice U3 snoRNA <i>in planta</i>. Leaf blades of <i>togr1-1</i> transformed with <i>UBi-1</i>::<i>TOGR1</i>:<i>HA</i>, wild-type Zhongxian 3037 and Zhonghua-11 transformed with <i>UBi-1</i>::<i>OsPRR1</i>:<i>HA</i> were used.</p

Human Activities Inducing High CH4 Diffusive Fluxes in an Agricultural River Catchment in Subtropical China

Methane (CH4) is one of the key greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere with current concentration of 1859 ppb in 2017 due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Rivers are of increasing concern due to sources of atmospheric CH4. However, knowledge and data limitations exist for field studies of subtropical agricultural river catchments, particularly in southern China. The headspace balance method and the diffusion model method were employed to assess spatiotemporal variations of CH4 diffusive fluxes from April 2015 to January 2016 in four order reaches (S1, S2, S3, and S4) of the Tuojia River, Hunan, China. Results indicated that both the dissolved concentrations and diffusive fluxes of CH4 showed obvious spatiotemporal variations. The observed mean concentration and diffusive flux of CH4 were 0.40 &plusmn; 0.02 &mu;mol L&minus;1 and 41.19 &plusmn; 2.50 &micro;g m&minus;2 h&minus;1, respectively, showing the river to be a strong source of atmospheric CH4. The CH4 diffusive fluxes during the rice-growing seasons were significantly greater than the winter fallow season (an increase of 80.26%). The spatial distribution of CH4 diffusive fluxes increased gradually from (17.58 &plusmn; 1.42) to (55.56 &plusmn; 4.32) &micro;g m&minus;2 h&minus;1 due to the organic and nutrient loading into the river waterbodies, with the maximum value at location S2 and the minimum value at location S1. Correlation analysis showed that the CH4 diffusive fluxes exhibited a positive relationship with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), salinity, and water temperature (WT), while a negative correlation occurred between CH4 diffusive fluxes and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, as well as the pH value. Our findings highlighted that a good understanding of exogenous nutrient loading in agricultural catchments will clarify the influence of human activities on river water quality and then constrain the global CH4 budget

Prevalence of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection according to thyroid function.

<p>Subjects were classified into different groups according to their TSH, FT4, and FT3 quartiles. The prevalence of <i>H. pylori</i> showed a decreasing trend as serum FT4 increased, while the trend was not significantly associated with serum TSH or FT3 levels. <i>P</i>-values were adjusted for age, gender and BMI status.</p