DSDV, DYMO, OLSR: Link Duration and Path Stability

In this paper, we evaluate and compare the impact of link duration and path stability of routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance vector (DSDV), Dynamic MANET On- Demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) at different number of connections and node density. In order to improve the efficiency of selected protocols; we enhance DYMO and OLSR. Simulation and comparison of both default and enhanced routing protocols is carried out under the performance parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO). From the results, we observe that DYMO performs better than DSDV, MOD-OLSR and OLSR in terms of PDR, AE2ED, link duration and path stability at the cost of high value of NRO

On Link Availability Probability of Routing Protocols for Urban Scenario in VANETs

This paper presents the link availability probability. We evaluate and compare the link availability probability for routing protocols; Ad hoc On-demand Distance vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR) for different number of connections and node density. A novel contribution of this work is enhancement in existing parameters of routing protocols; AODV, DSR and FSR as MOD-AODV, MOD-DSR and MOD-FSR. From the results, we observe that MOD-DSR and DSR outperform MOD-AODV, AODV, MODOLSR and OLSR in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED), link availability probability at the cost of high value of Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO).Comment: IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS2012)", Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 201

2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 2-bromo­benzoate

In the title compound, C13H12BrN3O4, the dihedral angle between the benzene and imidazole rings is 30.6 (2)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into chains parallel to [001] by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing is further consolidated by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.482 (2) Å]

2-Azido-1-(4-nitro­phen­yl)ethanone

In the title compound, C8H6N4O3, the ketone [C—C(=O)—C] and nitro groups are tilted with respect to the benzene ring by 18.92 (6) and 24.11 (15)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into inter­woven chains running parallel to the [100] direction by C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak π–π stacking inter­actions, with centroid–centroid separations of 3.897 (3) Å

2-Azido-1-(4-methyl­phen­yl)ethanone

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C9H9N3O, the angle formed by the least-squares line through the azide group with the normal to the plane of the benzene plane ring is 46.62 (16)°. The crystal structure features C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which link the mol­ecules into zigzag chains running parallel to [010]

2-(2-Methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl 4-fluoro­benzoate

In the title compound, C13H12FN3O4, the dihedral angle between the benzene and imidazole rings is 32.77 (12)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Trends in breeding oat for nutritional grain quality - An overview

Oat is an economically important crop and ranks sixth in world cereal production after maize, wheat, rice, barley and sorghum. It has been primarily utilized as livestock feed. However, the utilization of oats for human consumption has increased progressively, owing to its dietary and health benefits which relies mainly on the total dietary fibre and ?-glucan content, which significantly reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and blood lipids, especially serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Henceforth, enhancing Oat b-glucan content forhuman consumption is desirable. As it is a polygenic trait controlled mainly by genes with additive effects, phenotypic selection for greater b-glucan content would be effective for developing cultivars with elevated b-glucan contents. Oat b-glucan concentration has been found to be positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with oil content. ?-glucan yield (i.e., Product of grain yield and ?-glucan content) has been found to correlate positively with both grain yield (r = 0.92) and ?-glucan content (r = 0.66). Hence, this nutritional oat grain quality has been improved through selection for improved grain yield as they both increase simultaneously. Among wild accessions, A. atlantica genotypes have high ?-glucan content (2·2–11·3%) and have been used in breeding programmes for increasing the ?-glucan content of adapted elite local germplasm. Besides conventional breeding approaches, molecular breeding approaches have made possible to identify several molecular markers linked to ?-glucan rich regions across oat genome hence enabling mapping and dissection of ?-glucan rich genomic regions and accelerating the improvement in nutritional grain quality

Effect of Metal Toxicity in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus and Schizothorax niger Heckel with emphasis on Biochemical and Histopathological Parameters.

Due to scanty information regarding the metal toxicity in water bodies of Kashmir valley and their effects on the aquatic fauna, the present study was designed with the following objectives: 1) To study the toxicity of some metals viz. copper, zinc, iron, and manganese in Dal lake and River Jhelum. 2) To study the concentration of these metals through Atomic absorption spectrophotometer in various organs/tissues viz. gills, liver, kidneys, and muscles of Schizothorax niger and Cyprinus carpio spp. 3) To study the subsequent effects of metals on biochemical parameters viz. total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, urea, serum creatinine and cholesterol in both the fishes. 4) To study the subsequent effects of these metals, on the histomorphology of gills, liver, kidney and muscles of both the fishes.Digital copy of Thesis.University of Kashmir

Ichthyofauna of Lidder Stream with Emphasis on Haematobiochemical Study of Schizothorax SPP.

Jammu & Kashmir, lying between six mountain ranges and covering an area of 2,22,236 sq. kms. is located between 32° 17' and 36° 58' North latitude, and between 37° 26' and 80° 30' East longitude. The state commonly known as Kashmir is bounded in the north by Afghanistan and China, in the east by China, in the south by the state of Himachal Pradesh and the state of Punjab in India, and in the west by the North-West Frontier Province and the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir geographically comprises of three regions: the foothill plains of Jammu; the lakes and blue valleys of Kashmir rising to alpine passes, the high altitude plains and starkly beautiful mountains of Ladakh which lies beyond narrow passes. Kashmir is rightly said to be the nature's grand finale of beauty. In this masterpiece of earth's creation seasons in strong individuality vary with one another in putting up exquisite patterns of charm and loveliness. This state holds the glorious history of the valiant kings, the placid lakes, the greenery of the forests and the amazing rivers. The sunny gardens, romantic house boats and Lakes add to the beauty of the region. The state of J&K measures about 425 kms from north to south and extends over 520 kms from east to west

5-(Prop-2-yn­yl)-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H13N, contains two independent butterfly-shaped mol­ecules. The seven-membered azepine rings both adopt a boat conformation. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in the two mol­ecules are 46.95 (11) and 52.21 (11)°