Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extract for a Diabetic Supplement Developed from Drumsticks Leaves (Moringa Oleifera), Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Powders

Diabetes Mellitus is a progressive and chronic metabolic disorder which is defined by high blood sugar levels. The disease is a result of insufficient insulin hormone secretion or its action. One of the methods to control blood glucose level is to inhibit the action of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes in order to slow down or decrease hydrolyze of carbohydrates and therefore management of hyperglycemia in diabetes type II patients. This will help to avoid long and short term consequences of the disease. Plants containing great amounts of phenolic compounds are natural, accessible and cheap sources of α-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibitors. At the same time, the present food supplements made up of natural ingredients has potential to possess antioxidant activity as well. The present research evaluated the antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of the supplement powders developed from three food ingredients including Drumsticks Leaves (Moringa Oleifera), Garlic (Allium Sativum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) with different percentages to determine the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the supplement to manage blood glucose levels of type II diabetes. The inhibition activity of alpha amylase enzyme is ranged between 97 to 99% for the food ingredients and 95 to 99% for the supplements. The value of inhibition percentage for drumstick leaves is 98.36% ± 0.09. Values observed for cinnamon and garlic were 99.2% ± 0.27 and 97.52% ± 2.05 respectively. The inhibition activity of the supplement no. 3 containing 70% dried drumstick leaves powder + 15% cinnamon powder and 15% garlic powder shows the highest inhibiting activity of 99.2%. The α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity for drumstick leaves is 33.64%, cinnamon 26.73% and garlic 22.64% while the supplements activity are ranged between 15.55 to 28.69%. Supplement no. 3 has the highest inhibition activity of 28.69%. DPPH radical scavenging activity of methanolic extracts was performed in 3 different concentrations of 10, 20 and 30μg of each sample extract. In this research, the activity of drumstick leaves in 10μg/ml show 74.65%, 79.67% in 20μg/ml and 76.17% in 30μg/ml. The obtained values for cinnamon are 85.98% in 10μg/ml, 90.33% in 20μg/ml and 89.81% in 30μg/ml while the radical scavenging activity of garlic is 72.57% in 10μg/ml, 67.92% in 20μg/ml and 63.84% in 30μg/ml. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the supplements are ranged from 66.96 to 71.90% in 10μg/ml, 65.62 to 80.04% in 20μg/ml and 73.16 to 80.96% in 30μg/ml as shown in Table 4. Supplement no. 2, containing 80% dried drumstick leaves powder, 10% cinnamon powder and 10% garlic powder in 30μg/ml concentration shows the highest radical scavenging activity, 81%, in comparison with other supplements in different concentrations. The research proved that the formulated supplements have high antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Therefore, the products can be consumed by type II diabetic patients as a safe, low calorie, natural and low-price supplement to manage blood glucose levels and prevent the long and short time consequences of the unmanaged disease and accordingly retard and decrease complications during lifetime. Keywords: Antidiabetic activity, Antioxidant property, Methanolic extraction, Moringa Oleifera, Allium Sativum, Cinnamomum Verum, Supplements

A Historical Study of Immigration Phenomenon in Undeveloped Societies: Study of Economic Reasons of Immigration during Pahlavi I Period in Zahedan

During the reign of Reza Shah, policy of magisterial modernization was done on the basis of society modernization by importing products, civilization manifestations, modern management, monopolizing political power and governmentalizing economy. Social structures, under the influence of integration in global system and the effects caused by two world wars, as a semi-periphery region, did not stay away from unpleasant consequences of the situation such as immigration inside the borders of Iran and immigration among the political borders of Iran especially in eastern borders. Because of special geographical situation (border region) and economic situation (silk trade route), eastern borders had an important role in Iran’s exterritorial immigration system and were receptive to resident ethnics in neighbor countries (Hazara in Afghanistan, Sikh, etc.) and were also the entry gate of immigrants to eastern cities of Iran. In this research, emphasizing on Iran’s situation in global system, immigration and its causes on Zahedan have been studied. The results suggest that the strategic location of Zahedan was a predisposing factor of preliminary foundations such as railway for economy growth of the city and a small group of Hindus’ immigration for employment in this part. Gradually, central government actions in customs section and transportation development, turned Zahedan into a suitable region for trade that resulted immigration and habitation of many citizens of neighboring countries in order to work in economic fields. Because of disability in adaption to new conditions and lack of proficiency, many native inhabitants immigrated to the other regions

Reasons and Motives for Dissemination of Islamic Names within Eastern Islamic Caliphate (Iran), from the Year 12 (AH) to 400 (AH)

The emergence of Islam in Iran and its spread gradually transformed different cultural prototypes in this land. Meanwhile, Iranians gradually put away their Iranian names and adopted Arabic-Islamic nomination models due to various reasons including Arabization of the names, desire for gaining wealth and power, fear of the conquerors, fear for their lives, as well as faith and belief in the new religion. The present research was conducted through qualitative method and examples of frequency of Arabic and Islamic names, from the emergence of Islam in Iran up to the year 400 AH, were examined

People’s Objections to Urban Renovation in the First Pahlavi Period

The first Pahlavi government made a major upheaval in different areas of Iran’s social life, including the developments in the urban life. The first Pahlavi government embarked on changing the cities based on a renovation idea according to Western models. In this renovation, the modern tools such as introduction of automobile had its effect on the urban atmosphere through road making. This means, the most important aspect of urban renovation was seen in establishment of new streets and developing the current ones. However, this aspect of renovation required destruction of people’s houses, which was followed by objections heard by the parliament members. Thus, the present paper studies urban renovation in the 1st Pahlavi period from the perspective of the protesters who submitted their complaint to the National Parliament Council. These complaints are related to three terms of the parliament, namely, the sixth, seventh and eighth terms, which coincides with the first half of the 1st Pahlavi period. The complaints are studied with a descriptive-analytic method relying on other documents and library resources. This paper seeks to find out the reasons for discontent of people about the government’s urban renovation. The question is, did the urban renovation have a suitable executive plan? Given the complaints made about delay in paying the prices, drawing different and sometimes baseless maps and plans, the influences in drawing the maps, lack of preparing the necessary rules, the hypothesis is that the government did not have an appropriate executive plan in its urban development policy. The result shows that the government did not pay enough attention to the psychological damages caused by destruction of homes and occupational damages caused by destruction of tenements

Decentralized, self-organized rough planning of intralogistics systems with a multi-agent system

In diesem Beitrag wird eine dezentral aufgebaute und auf Selbstorganisation basierende Methodik zur Grobplanung von Intralogistiksystemen thematisiert. Diese Methodik sieht eine Kombination des Wissenschaftsgebiets der Agentensysteme aus der Informatik mit der Materialflussplanung vor. Dieser Artikel leistet somit einen Beitrag für die Entwicklung eines intelligenten, rechnergestützten Assistenzsystems zur Planung intralogistischer Systeme.This article introduces a decentralized and self-organization-based model for the rough planning of material flow systems. This methodology provides a combination of science territory of agent software from the computer science with the material flow planning. This paper makes a contribution to the development of an intelligent, computer-based assistance system for the planning of intralogistics systems

Phosphate recovery from hydrothermally treated sewage sludge using struvite precipitation

New technologies are needed to recover phosphate from organic wastes, such as sewage sludge. Sewage sludge can be hydrothermally treated to make it safe but this process is expensive. Recovering a valuable by-product, such as phosphate, could improve the economics of hydrothermal treatment. Therefore, the technical and preliminary differential cost analysis of combining hydrothermal treatment with phosphate recovery (by precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)) was investigated. The effects of pH, magnesium ion dose, and either wet oxidation or thermal hydrolysis hydrothermal treatment were examined. Phosphate recovery was more sensitive to pH than magnesium ion concentration, with diminishing rates of recovery at high levels of both. Also, more struvite was recovered following wet oxidation treatment than thermal hydrolysis. Preliminary differential cost analysis showed that wet oxidation combined with precipitation at an optimal pH and magnesium ion dose could generate revenue.</p