Evolutionary Game Analysis of Medical Waste Disposal in China under Different Reward and Penalty Models

Although local governments have issued relevant reward and penalty policies, there are still problems of medical waste disposal in China, particularly in light of the special situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, these problems are generated in the game between local governments and disposal enterprises. Accordingly, based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper establishes and analyzes the game system between local governments and disposal enterprises under four modes: static reward and static penalty, dynamic reward and static penalty, static reward and dynamic penalty, and dynamic reward and dynamic penalty. The theoretical analysis is verified through numerical simulation of a medical waste disposal case in China. The results showed that when local governments choose the static reward and static penalty mode, the game system hardly always has an evolutionary stable state, and the dynamic reward or dynamic penalty mode can make up for the shortcomings of the static reward and static penalty mode. The static reward and dynamic penalty mode is considerably better than the other two dynamic reward and penalty modes, which has the best effect on improving the quality of medical waste disposal. Additionally, if the reward or penalty increases dynamically, local governments tend to implement a “relaxed supervision” strategy, and disposal enterprises will still improve the disposal quality of medical waste. The suggestions proposed based on the research conclusions offer some enlightenment for policymakers to formulate reasonable reward and penalty measures

Incentive-compatible mechanism for manufacturing carbon emission supervision under carbon control policies in China.

Enhance performance in manufacturing carbon emission (MCE) reduction has become a widespread consensus and a necessary part, which cannot be achieved without the joint participation of manufacturing enterprises and supervisory departments. Accordingly, how to coordinate the interests of both sides and design a reasonable incentive-compatible mechanism becomes an urgent task at present. Considering the two subsidy funding channels of peer funds and government finance, this study applies the evolutionary game model to analyze feasible schemes for designing incentive-compatible mechanism of MCE supervision, discusses and simulates the realistic scenarios and influencing factors of incentive-compatible mechanism under the non-subsidized and subsidized schemes. The results show that MCE supervision is in an incentive-incompatible state under the non-subsidized incentive scheme, while in a constrained incentive-compatible state under the subsidized incentive scheme. With the increase of peer funds and penalty coefficient or the decrease of subsidy coefficient, the period of MCE supervision to reach an incentive-compatible state becomes shorter. However, a lower peer fund and penalty coefficient or a higher subsidy coefficient will contribute to a state of incentive-incompatible or a periodic cycle state of "incentive-compatible → incentive-incompatible →incentive-compatible→…" in the MCE supervision

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Medical Waste Disposal in China under Different Reward and Penalty Models

Although local governments have issued relevant reward and penalty policies, there are still problems of medical waste disposal in China, particularly in light of the special situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, these problems are generated in the game between local governments and disposal enterprises. Accordingly, based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper establishes and analyzes the game system between local governments and disposal enterprises under four modes: static reward and static penalty, dynamic reward and static penalty, static reward and dynamic penalty, and dynamic reward and dynamic penalty. The theoretical analysis is verified through numerical simulation of a medical waste disposal case in China. The results showed that when local governments choose the static reward and static penalty mode, the game system hardly always has an evolutionary stable state, and the dynamic reward or dynamic penalty mode can make up for the shortcomings of the static reward and static penalty mode. The static reward and dynamic penalty mode is considerably better than the other two dynamic reward and penalty modes, which has the best effect on improving the quality of medical waste disposal. Additionally, if the reward or penalty increases dynamically, local governments tend to implement a “relaxed supervision” strategy, and disposal enterprises will still improve the disposal quality of medical waste. The suggestions proposed based on the research conclusions offer some enlightenment for policymakers to formulate reasonable reward and penalty measures

Chem.-Eur. J.

A new type of "task specific ionic liquid", tetrabutylphosphonium amino acid [P(C-4)(4)][AA], was synthesized by the reaction of tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide [P(C-4)(4)][OH] with amino acids, including glycine, L-alanine, L-p-alanine, L-serine, and L-lysine. The liquids produced were characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis, and their thermal decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, electrical conductivity, density, and viscosity were recorded in detail. The [P(C-4)(4)][AA] supported on porous silica gel effected fast and reversible CO2 absorption when compared with bubbling CO, into the bulk of the ionic liquid. No changes in absorption capacity and kinetics were found after four cycles of absorption/ desorption. The CO2 absorption capacity at equilibrium was 50 mol % of the ionic liquids. In the presence of water (1 wt%), the ionic liquids could absorb equimolar amounts Of CO2. The CO2 absorption mechanisms of the ionic liquids with and without water were different.A new type of "task specific ionic liquid", tetrabutylphosphonium amino acid [P(C-4)(4)][AA], was synthesized by the reaction of tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide [P(C-4)(4)][OH] with amino acids, including glycine, L-alanine, L-p-alanine, L-serine, and L-lysine. The liquids produced were characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis, and their thermal decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, electrical conductivity, density, and viscosity were recorded in detail. The [P(C-4)(4)][AA] supported on porous silica gel effected fast and reversible CO2 absorption when compared with bubbling CO, into the bulk of the ionic liquid. No changes in absorption capacity and kinetics were found after four cycles of absorption/ desorption. The CO2 absorption capacity at equilibrium was 50 mol % of the ionic liquids. In the presence of water (1 wt%), the ionic liquids could absorb equimolar amounts Of CO2. The CO2 absorption mechanisms of the ionic liquids with and without water were different

Encapsulation of Volatile Monoterpene Fragrances in Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles and Potential Application in Fruit Preservation

In this work, we synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles containing bridging groups of ethylene (E-PMO) and phenylene (P-PMO) and compared their adsorption properties using D-limonene (Lim), myrcene (Myr), and cymene (Cym) as model guest molecules. For the selected nanoparticles of ~100 nm in diameter, the loading capacity to the volatile fragrances was in the order of P-PMO < E-PMO < MSN, consistent with the trend of increasing total pore volume. For example, P-PMO, E-PMO, and MSN had a Lim uptake of 42.2 wt%, 47.3 wt%, and 62.7 wt%, respectively, which was close to their theoretical adsorption capacity. Under isothermal thermogravimetric analysis conditions (30 °C, a N2 flow of 1 mL min−1), the lowest fragrance release of ~56% over 24 h was observed for P-PMO, followed by E-PMO (74–80%), and MSN (~89%). The release kinetics of the fragrant molecules from MSN and PMO materials can be well described by first-order and Weibull models, respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of Lim-loaded P-PMO NPs in an aqueous solution of regenerated silk fibroin provided a composite coating material suitable for perishable fruit preservation. The active layer deposited on fruit peels using dip coating showed good preservation efficacy, enabling the shelf-life of mangoes in a highly humid and hot atmosphere (30–35 °C, 75–85% RH) to be extended to 6 days

Genotypic Variation in Nickel Accumulation and Translocation and Its Relationships with Silicon, Phosphorus, Iron, and Manganese among 72 Major Rice Cultivars from Jiangsu Province, China

Nickel (Ni) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant and carcinogen, and rice is a major dietary source of Ni for the Chinese population. Recently, strategies to decrease Ni accumulation in rice have received considerable attention. This study investigated the variation in Ni accumulation and translocation, and also multi-element (silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn)) uptake and transport among 72 rice cultivars from Jiangsu Province, China, that were grown under hydroponic conditions. Our results showed a 2.2-, 4.2-, and 5.3-fold variation in shoot Ni concentrations, root Ni concentrations, and translocation factors (TFs) among cultivars, respectively. This suggests that Ni accumulation and translocation are significantly influenced by the genotypes of the different rice cultivars. Redundancy analysis of the 72 cultivars revealed that the uptake and transport of Ni were more similar to those of Si and Fe than to those of P and Mn. The Ni TFs of high-Ni cultivars were significantly greater than those of low-Ni cultivars (p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences in root Ni concentrations of low-Ni and high-Ni cultivars, suggesting that high-Ni cultivars could translocate Ni to shoots more effectively than low-Ni cultivars. In addition, the cultivars HD8 and YD8 exhibited significantly lower levels of Ni accumulation than their parents (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that breeding can be an effective strategy for mitigating excessive Ni accumulation in rice grown in Ni-contaminated environments