Physiological effects of KDM5C on neural crest migration and eye formation during vertebrate development

Background: Lysine-specific histone demethylase 5C (KDM5C) belongs to the jumonji family of demethylases and is specific for the di- and tri-demethylation of lysine 4 residues on histone 3 (H3K4 me2/3). KDM5C is expressed in the brain and skeletal muscles of humans and is associated with various biologically significant processes. KDM5C is known to be associated with X-linked mental retardation and is also involved in the development of cancer. However, the developmental significance of KDM5C has not been explored yet. In the present study, we investigated the physiological roles of KDM5C during Xenopus laevis embryonic development. Results: Loss-of-function analysis using kdm5c antisense morpholino oligonucleotides indicated that kdm5c knockdown led to small-sized heads, reduced cartilage size, and malformed eyes (i.e., small-sized and deformed eyes). Molecular analyses of KDM5C functional roles using whole-mount in situ hybridization, -galactosidase staining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that loss of kdm5c resulted in reduced expression levels of neural crest specifiers and genes involved in eye development. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicated the significance of KDM5C in morphogenesis and organogenesis. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that KDM5C is associated with embryonic development and provided additional information regarding the complex and dynamic gene network that regulates neural crest formation and eye development. This study emphasizes the functional significance of KDM5C in Xenopus embryogenesis; however, further analysis is needed to explore the interactions of KDM5C with specific developmental genes

A Study on the Changes in the Image of Korea and Koreans in Turkish Media

In this paper, we looked at the changes in the image of Koreans and Koreans in the Turkish media. To this end, Chapter 2 examines the aspects of media coverage of Korea and Koreans, divided by period, based on data from renowned Turkish media. Before the 1950s, 1950s to 1960s, 1970s to 1980s, 1990s to 2000s, 2010 to present, 20 years each was divided into five stages. There weren't many. It can be seen that from the 1950s to the 1960s, attention was paid to the Korean War, and it was confirmed that the 1970s to 1980s were mainly focused on the rapid economic growth of Korea. From the 1990s to the 2000s, they showed interest in the economy, society, and culture, and after the 2010s, it could be seen that the Korean Wave was particularly focused.Based on the above, Chapter 3 paid attention to the changing aspects of the image by the times. Before the 1950s, the Turkish media turned Korea and Koreans into a “neighborhood mother,” which was used as a tribute and spoil to Japan. From the 1950s to the 1960s, it became a ``frightened young orphan girl in need of protection'' at risk of being raped by a rapist. From the 2000s to the 2000s, it could be seen that the image as a'strategic partner, friendly alliance' with the nation's good luck, and from the 2010s to the present as a'Korean Wave, a powerhouse of contents'. This change in image can be an answer to the existence of Korea and the relationship between Korea and Turkey. Korea can be said to be'object of indifference → object of need of help → object of surprise and doubt → object of trust → object of imitator'. Accordingly, it can be said that Korea and Turkey have progressed from a relationship that they were not even interested in, through a relationship that received unilateral help, through a relationship where they can exchange help, and then to a relationship that deserves recognition as a role model. Therefore, the current relationship between Korea and Turkey has been overturned unlike the beginning due to the shift of power. In addition, the overturned relationship may be attributed to the situation in Turkey, which calls Korea “Kan Kardeşi: brothers who shared blood,” and still does not forget the “brothers' country,” and Korea, which is not interested in Turkey to the extent that such a cry is colorless. Therefore, Korea and Turkey, which are already meaningful to each other just because they are the only sibling nations on the planet, will have to re-establish their relationship under the name of "brothers." And the re-establishment of this relationship will be the path to real harmony between the two countries.The above study shows that Turkey's perception and gaze toward Korea and Koreans are reviewed through the media, thereby enhancing understanding of Turkey and understanding Turkey's gaze toward Korea, thereby helping to reestablish relations with Turkey and lead the way to harmony. It is significant in that

Life and Its Meaning of First-generation Immigrant Koreans in Turkey: The Image of a Contributor

This study aims to understand the image and meaning of life byexamining the lives of first-generation Korean immigrants in Turkey byconducting an oral life story survey on 9 first-generation Koreanimmigrants living in Turkey for 20 to 40 years. Based on the oral contentsof the narrators, three questions were largely “life before immigrating toTurkey, life after immigrating to Turkey, life in the future, and the mostmemorable moment”. First, as a result of examining the life before immigration to Turkeybased on the oral contents of the narrators, most of them had positiveexperiences with foreign countries and foreigners, and it was found thatthese experiences had an impact on their immigration to Turkey. Next, we looked at the oral contents of the narrators about their livesafter moving to Turkey. First, it is understood that the reason for choosingTurkey was that they wanted to live in a foreign country with advancedculture at the time. Second, as a result of checking life as an immigrantthrough life in Turkey, it appears that they made a thorough effort to belongto the immigrant society. These efforts were more like conformity byactively accepting and acknowledging systems and commands, rather than adaptation. Finally, the narratos' answers about the future life and memorablemoments gave us a glimpse into the relentless effort to contribute behindthe attitude of conformity. Through the above narrative, it is possible toconfirm the image of the contributor to the first generation of Koreanimmigrants in Turkey. The desire to take root and occupy such a positionas a person who is helpful to the land to which they immigrated, thatis, Turkey, is revealed as the “image of contributor”, and this can be seenin the attitude of the first-generation Korean immigrants in Turkey. Turkey, the largest refugee country in Europe, is receiving a largenumber of immigrants from Syria and Afghanistan, as well as fromcountries in Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. In thiscontext, it is very meaningful that the first-generation Korean immigrantsfrom Turkey play such a role as a contributor in Turkish society. Althoughthere are a small number of Koreans among immigrants in Turkey, thesignificance of this study can be found in that the discourse on the lifeof Korean immigrants who show the image of contributors in Turkey willbe an important message to local immigration-related researchers

The complete mitochondrial genome of a moss Korea Climacium dendroides (Hedw.) F. Weber & D. Mohr

The complete mitochondrial genome of Climacium dendroides (GenBank accession number MN942036 was 104,860 base pairs in length, containing 40 protein-coding genes, 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 24 transfer RNA (tRNA). The base composition was 29.6% A, 29.4% T, 21.0% G, and 19.8% C and its G + C content was 41.0%. The mitochondrial structure and gene order was similar to other Bryophytes. Phylogenetic tree based on the combined analysis of 33 protein-coding genes was well congruent with traditional species relationship of the moss order Hypnales

Subtype Classification of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Using Liver MR Imaging Features and Its Prognostic Value

© 2022 Introduction: Small-duct (SD) and large-duct (LD) subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma have been investigated for their prognostic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiating SD and LD types of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and its prognostic value in predicting survival outcomes. Methods: One hundred forty patients with surgically confirmed iCCAs (93 SD type and 47 LD type) who had available preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR images were retrospectively included. MRI features suggestive of the LD type over the SD type were analyzed using multivariate logistic analyses. Postoperative recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) for 107 patients with available survival data were compared according to MRI features. Results: MRI features suggestive of the LD type included infiltrative contour (odds ratio [OR] 14.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-81.7, p = 0.003), diffuse biliary dilatation (OR 9.7, 95% CI: 1.2-76.9, p = 0.032), no arterial phase hyperenhancement (OR 17.8, 95% CI: 2.7-118.6, p = 0.003), and vascular invasion (OR 4.5, 95% CI: 1.3-15.4, p = 0.018). When two or more features were combined, sensitivity was 59.6% (28/47), and specificity was 95.7% (89/93) in discriminating the LD type. RFS/OS was significantly shorter in patients with two or more MRI features, compared to those with none or one (310 days vs. 529 days, p = 0.011/964 days vs. 2,023 days, p = 0.010). Conclusions: Preoperative liver MRI may help predict the pathological subtype of iCCAs as either the SD type or LD type, allowing preoperative identification of patients with poorer survival outcomes.N

Two distinct modes of dopaminergic modulation on striatopallidal synaptic transmission

Dopamine (DA) and its GPCR receptor control willed movement through D1-direct pathway and D2-indirect pathway within basal ganglia. In a classical model, excessive activity in indirect pathway is one of the circuit mechanisms underlying parkinsonism. Although striatopallidal synapses function as a critical gateway of indirect pathway, the physiological functions of dopamine on striatopallidal synapses remain unclear due to relatively sparse dopaminergic innervation on the external globus pallidus (GPe). Here, we seek to understand how DA through nigropallidal pathway modulates striatopallidal synaptic transmission. Utilizing electrophysiology, optogenetics, GRAB sensor, pharmacology, enhanced confocal imaging, and synapse analysis, we first revealed that DA is directly released onto the GPe and there is a marked regional heterogeneity of dopaminergic innervation to the GPe. In addition, we found that dopamine D2-like receptors modulate striatopallidal synaptic transmission via two distinct modes. The treatment of D2-like receptor agonist elevated paired-pulse ratio (PPR) and reduced GABAergic transmission at striatopallidal synapses located in dorsolateral (DL) and ventromedial (VM) GPe. Unexpectedly, however, PPR was not altered by the D2-like receptor agonist at striatopallidal synapses in ventrolateral (VL) and dorsomedial (DM) GPe, even with reduced GABAergic transmission. As potential mechanisms behind these distinct modes of dopaminergic modulation, we further found that D2 and D4 receptors in GPe subregions differentially regulate striatopallidal synaptic transmission through their differences in subcellular expression and sensitivity. In a DA-depleted animal model, nigropallidal dopaminergic fibers innervating each GPe subregion exhibited different susceptibility to 6-OHDA. Furthermore, DA depletion promoted presynaptic D2R-mediated inhibition at striatopallidal synapses in VL and DM subregions of the GPe potentially as a compensatory mechanism of DA loss. To sum up, these results demonstrate that synaptic information conveyed by indirect pathway can be regulated by DA via two distinct modes, which seem to be determined by anatomical locations of striatopallidal synapses in the GPe. Since structural and functional organization of basal ganglia circuits is critical to understanding both DA-related behaviors and DA-depleted pathological conditions such as Parkinson???s disease, our findings will provide new insights into the overlooked role of dopaminergic modulation on striatopallidal synapses and globus pallidus

The complete mitochondrial genome of a moss Korea Bartramia pomiformis Hedw.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Bartramia pomiformis (GenBank accession number MN972463) was 106,155 base pairs in length, containing 40 protein-coding genes, 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 24 transfer RNA (tRNA). The base composition was 30.5% A, 30.4% T, 20.2% G, 18.9% C and G + C 39.1%. The mitochondrial structure and gene order was similar to other Bryophytes. Phylogenetic tree based on the combined analysis of 33 protein coding genes was well congruent with traditional species relationship of the moss order Bartramiales

Strong Fermi-Level Pinning at Metal/Si(001) Interface Ensured by Forming Abrupt Schottky Junction with Graphene Insertion Layer

We report the experimental studies demonstrating that an impervious graphene layer inserted at metal/n-Si(001) interface is very useful to explore the Fermi-level pinning effect at interface systematically. It is confirmed with High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images that the inserted graphene layer prevents the atomic inter-diffusion and an atomically abrupt Schottky junction is formed. The Schottky barrier heights of metal/graphene/Si junctions determined from Internal Photoemission and Current-Voltage measurements show very weak dependence on metal work-function, implying that the Fermi-level of metal electrode is virtually pinned at charge neutrality level close to the valence band edge. The impermeable and electronically transparent properties of graphene would make it possible to form intact Schottky contacts regardless of surface treatment methods used in device fabrication, which provides important information for the Si-based CMOS technology

Strong Fermi-Level Pinning at Intact Metal/Si Interface Formed with Graphene Diffusion Barrier

We report the systematic experimental studies demonstrating that a graphene layer inserted at Metal/n-Si(001) interface can protect the Schottky junction efficiently from unwanted changes in electrical properties. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images support the conjecture of the inserted graphene layer preventing the atomic inter-diffusion at interface. Especially, the reverse-bias leakage current of Metal/Graphene/n-Si(001) junction is found to be noticeably smaller than that of Metal/n-Si(001) junction, strongly supporting the role of graphene insertion layer as an efficient diffusion barrier. The internal photoemission (IPE) measurements show unambiguously that the Schottky barrier of Metal/Graphene/n-Si(001) junction is almost independent of metal work-function, implying very strong Fermi-level pinning at interface. The atomically-impermeable and electronically-transparent aspects of the graphene insertion layer can provide a reliable experimental method to form an intact Schottky contact for all semiconductors in general