Ultrasonic metal etching for metallographic analysis

Ultrasonic etching delineates microstructural features not discernible in specimens prepared for metallographic analysis by standard chemical etching procedures. Cavitation bubbles in ultrasonically excited water produce preferential damage /etching/ of metallurgical phases or grain boundaries, depending on hardness of metal specimens

Applications of the Ultrasonic Serial Number Restoration Technique to Guns and Typical Stolen Articles

An ultrasonic cavitation method for restoring obliterated serial numbers has been further explored by application to articles involved in police cases. The method was applied successfully to gun parts. In one case portions of numbers were restored after prior failure by other laboratories using chemical etching techniques. The ultrasonic method was not successful on a heavily obliterated and restamped automobile engine block, but it was partially successful on a motorcycle gear-case housing. Additional studies were made on the effect of a larger diameter ultrasonic probe, and on the method's ability to restore numbers obliterated by peening

Childhood predictors of criminal offending: results from a 19-year longitudinal epidemiological study of boys

Objective: To examine the relative contribution of hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems in predicting criminal offending. Method: In all, 173 boys aged 6 to 8 years (assessed for hyperactivity, conduct, and emotional problems) were followed up 19 years later by examining criminal offense histories. Results: Significant main effects for total and violent convictions were found, the strongest being for violent criminal offenses. Conduct problems predicted general offending (irrespective of the type of conviction), whereas emotional problems were the single best predictor of violent convictions. Hyperactivity was not a significant predictor in the models. Conclusion: The findings provide insight into the developmental mechanisms that mediate criminal behavior by showing that childhood emotional problems independently contribute to the risk of violent offending in later

Method of protecting a surface with a silicon-slurry/aluminide coating

A low cost coating for protecting metallic base system substrates from high temperatures, high gas velocity oxidation, thermal fatigue and hot corrosion is described. The coating is particularly useful for protecting vanes and blades in aircraft and land based gas turbine engines. A lacquer slurry comprising cellulose nitrate containing high purity silicon powder is sprayed onto the superalloy substrates. The silicon layer is then aluminized to complete the coating. The Si-Al coating is less costly to produce than advanced aluminides and protects the substrate from oxidation and thermal fatigue for a much longer period of time than the conventional aluminide coatings. While more expensive Pt-Al coatings and physical vapor deposited MCrAlY coatings may last longer or provide equal protection on certain substrates, the Si-Al coating exceeded the performance of both types of coatings on certain superalloys in high gas velocity oxidation and thermal fatigue. Also, the Si-Al coating increased the resistance of certain superalloys to hot corrosion

Silicon-slurry/aluminide coating

A low cost coating protects metallic base system substrates from high temperatures, high gas velocity ovidation, thermal fatigue and hot corrosion and is particularly useful fo protecting vanes and blades in aircraft and land based gas turbine engines. A lacquer slurry comprising cellulose nitrate containing high purity silicon powder is sprayed onto the superalloy substrates. The silicon layer is then aluminized to complete the coating. The Si-Al coating is less costly to produce than advanced aluminides and protects the substrates from oxidation and thermal fatigue for a much longer period of time than the conventional aluminide coatings. While more expensive Pt-Al coatings and physical vapor deposited MCrAlY coatings may last longer or provide equal protection on certain substrates, the Si-Al coating exceeded the performance of both types of coatings on certain superalloys in high gas velocity oxidation and thermal fatigue and increased the resistance of certain superalloys to hot corrosion

Feasibility study of tungsten as a diffusion barrier between nickel-chromium-aluminum and Gamma/Gamma prime - Delta eutectic alloys

Coating systems proposed for potential use on eutectic alloy components in high-temperature gas turbine engines were studied with emphasis on deterioration of such systems by diffusion. A 1-mil thick W sheet was placed between eutectic alloys and a NiCrAl layer. Layered test specimens were aged at 1100 C for as long as long as 500 hours. Without the W barrier, the delta phase of the eutectic deteriorated by diffusion of Nb into the NiCrAl. Insertion of the W barrier stopped the diffusion of Nb from delta. Chromium diffusion from the NiCrAl into the gamma/gamma prime phase of the eutectic was greatly reduced by the barrier. However, the barrier thickness decreased with time; and W diffused into both the NiCrAl and the eutectic. When the delta platelets were alined parallel to the NiCrAl layer, rather than perpendicular, diffusion into the eutectic was reduced

Nonclassical Correlation of Polarization Entangled Photons in a Biexciton-Exciton Cascade

We develop a theoretical model to study the Intensity-Intensity correlation of polarization entangled photons emitted in a biexciton-exciton cascade. We calculate the degree of correlation and show how polarization correlation are affected by the presence of dephasing and energy level splitting of the excitonic states. Our theoretical calculations are in agreement with the recent observation of polarization dependent Intensity-Intensity correlations from a single semiconductor quantum dot [R. M. Stevenson et. al., Nature 439, 179 (2006)] . Our model can be extended to study polarization entangled photon emission in coupled quantum dot systems

An experimental, low-cost, silicon slurry/aluminide high-temperature coating for superalloys

A duplex silicon-slurry/aluminide coating has been developed and cyclically tested in Mach 1 combustion gases for oxidation and thermal fatigue resistance at 1093 C and in Mach 0.3 gases for hot-corrosion resistance at 900 C. The base-metal superalloys were VIA and B-1900. The coated B-1900 specimens performed much better in oxidation than similar specimens coated with aluminides and almost as well as the more-expensive Pt-Al and MCrAlY (where M is Ni and/or Co) coatings deposited by the physical vapor deposition process. The coating also provided good hot-corrosion protection. Metallographic, X-ray, and electron microprobe studies were made to characterize the coating, determine failure mechanisms, and study some of the changes due to exposure

A comprehensive analysis of cavitation and liquid impingement erosion data

Cavitation-erosion experimental data previously covering several materials tested in a rotating disk device and a magnetostriction apparatus were analyzed using new normalization and curve-fitting techniques. From this process a universal approach is derived which can include data from cavitation and liquid impingement studies for specific materials from different test devices

Universal approach to analysis of cavitation and liquid-impingement erosion data

Cavitation erosion experimental data was analyzed by using normalization and curve-fitting techniques. Data were taken from experiments on several materials tested in both a rotating disk device and a magnetostriction apparatus. Cumulative average volume loss rate and time data were normalized relative to the peak erosion rate and the time to peak erosion rate, respectively. From this process a universal approach was derived that can include data on specific materials from different test devices for liquid impingement and cavitation erosion studies