1,255 research outputs found
The Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa type III secretion system is expressed during infections both in vitro and in vivo.
Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 1B maintains two type III secretion systems (T3SS) that are involved in pathogenesis, the plasmid encoded Ysc T3SS and the chromosomally encoded Ysa T3SS. In vitro, the Ysa T3SS has been shown to be expressed only at 26°C in a high-nutrient medium containing an exceptionally high concentration of salt - an artificial condition that provides no clear insight on the nature of signal that Y. enterocolitica responds to in a host. However, previous research has indicated that the Ysa system plays a role in the colonization of gastrointestinal tissues of mice. In this study, a series of Ysa promoter fusions to green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) were created to analyze the expression of this T3SS during infection. Using reporter strains, infections were carried out in vitro using HeLa cells and in vivo using the mouse model of yersiniosis. Expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was measured from the promoters of yspP (encoding a secreted effector protein) and orf6 (encoding a structural component of the T3SS apparatus) in vitro and in vivo. During the infection of HeLa cells GFP intensity was measured by fluorescence microscopy, while during murine infections GFP expression in tissues was measured by flow cytometry. These approaches, combined with quantification of yspP mRNA transcripts by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), demonstrate that the Ysa system is expressed in vitro in a contact-dependent manner, and is expressed in vivo during infection of mice
CsrA impacts survival of Yersinia enterocolitica by affecting a myriad of physiological activities.
BackgroundA previous study identified a Yersinia enterocolitica transposon mutant, GY448, that was unable to export the flagellar type three secretion system (T3SS)-dependent phospholipase, YplA. This strain was also deficient for motility and unable to form colonies on Lauria-Bertani agar medium. Preliminary analysis suggested it carried a mutation in csrA. CsrA in Escherichia coli is an RNA-binding protein that is involved in specific post-transcriptional regulation of a myriad of physiological activities. This study investigated how CsrA affects expression of the flagellar regulatory cascade that controls YplA export and motility. It also explored the effect of csrA mutation on Y. enterocolitica in response to conditions that cue physiological changes important for growth in environments found both in nature and the laboratory.ResultsThe precise location of the transposon insertion in GMY448 was mapped within csrA. Genetic complementation restored disruptions in motility and the YplA export phenotype (Yex), which confirmed this mutation disrupted CsrA function. Mutation of csrA affected expression of yplA and flagellar genes involved in flagellar T3SS dependent export and motility by altering expression of the master regulators flhDC. Mutation of csrA also resulted in increased sensitivity of Y. enterocolitica to various osmolytes, temperatures and antibiotics.ConclusionsThe results of this study reveal unique aspects of how CsrA functions in Y. enterocolitica to control its physiology. This provides perspective on how the Csr system is susceptible to adaptation to particular environments and bacterial lifestyles
Comparing Star Formation on Large Scales in the c2d Legacy Clouds: Bolocam 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Surveys of Serpens, Perseus, and Ophiuchus
We have undertaken an unprecedentedly large 1.1 millimeter continuum survey
of three nearby star forming clouds using Bolocam at the Caltech Submillimeter
Observatory. We mapped the largest areas in each cloud at millimeter or
submillimeter wavelengths to date: 7.5 sq. deg in Perseus (Paper I), 10.8 sq.
deg in Ophiuchus (Paper II), and 1.5 sq. deg in Serpens with a resolution of
31", detecting 122, 44, and 35 cores, respectively. Here we report on results
of the Serpens survey and compare the three clouds. Average measured angular
core sizes and their dependence on resolution suggest that many of the observed
sources are consistent with power-law density profiles. Tests of the effects of
cloud distance reveal that linear resolution strongly affects measured source
sizes and densities, but not the shape of the mass distribution. Core mass
distribution slopes in Perseus and Ophiuchus (alpha=2.1+/-0.1 and
alpha=2.1+/-0.3) are consistent with recent measurements of the stellar IMF,
whereas the Serpens distribution is flatter (alpha=1.6+/-0.2). We also compare
the relative mass distribution shapes to predictions from turbulent
fragmentation simulations. Dense cores constitute less than 10% of the total
cloud mass in all three clouds, consistent with other measurements of low
star-formation efficiencies. Furthermore, most cores are found at high column
densities; more than 75% of 1.1 mm cores are associated with Av>8 mag in
Perseus, 15 mag in Serpens, and 20-23 mag in Ophiuchus.Comment: 32 pages, including 18 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Piloting of the Concerns-based Adoption Model: Farmer Concerns About the Participatory Guarantee System in Cambodia
While there is a large body of adoption and agricultural extension literature on the process of introducing a new technology, agricultural development projects are often expected to produce immediate results that do not always allow for the integration of these theories into practice. The Concerns-based Adoption Model (CBAM) is a framework that places participants at the center of the change process to identify their concerns and challenges, providing a roadmap for projects to guide individuals with the correct support for their particular stage of adoption. CBAM has typically been used for the introduction of new curriculum in formal education. But this study assessed the potential for CBAM to be applied to agriculture innovations. In this study, we adapted and piloted the CBAM “Stages of Concern” model to assess adoption of an agriculture innovation. The innovation is the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS) for Cambodian vegetable farmers. We assessed the potential for CBAM as a tool for agricultural development project management. We found that the adapted survey consistently placed farmers in the anticipated Stage of Concern. Identifying users’ Stages of Concern can inform program designers and practitioners, assisting in tailoring support across the adoption process. CBAM has the potential to inform participatory project design and give project administrators an evidence-based, systematic protocol for assessing the adoption process, adding another tool to the development practitioners’ toolbox
Inflammation and dietary protein intake exert competing effects on serum albumin and creatinine in hemodialysis patients
Inflammation and dietary protein intake exert competing effects on serum albumin and creatinine in hemodialysis patients.BackgroundCross-sectional studies have shown an inverse correlation between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum albumin concentration in hemodialysis patients. The net effects of inflammation and dietary protein intake on nutritional markers over time are unknown.MethodsTo explore the effects of CRP and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) on serum albumin and creatinine, we analyzed six consecutive months of laboratory data from 364 hemodialysis patients, using a multivariable Mixed model with conservative biases.ResultsThe overall trend over time in serum albumin was slightly positive (0.039 g/dL/month) and in serum creatinine slightly negative (-0.052 mg/dL/month). With increasing CRP, serum albumin declined significantly (-0.124 g/dL/month per unit increase in log CRP, adjusted for age, gender, race, diabetes, and nPCR, P < 0.0001). Serum albumin increased with increasing nPCR (0.021 g/dL/month per 0.1 g/kg/day, P < 0.0001). The effect of CRP on albumin was attenuated in African Americans and at a higher nPCR. Corresponding values for creatinine mirrored those for albumin. With increasing CRP, creatinine declined significantly [-0.142 mg/dL/month per unit increase in log CRP, adjusted for age, gender, race, diabetes (time since initiation of dialysis; vintage), Kt/V, and nPCR, P = 0.002]. Serum creatinine increased with increasing nPCR (0.183 mg/dL/month per g/kg/day, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsProxies of inflammation and dietary protein intake exert competing effects on serum albumin and creatinine in hemodialysis patients. These data provide a rationale for prospective testing of dietary protein supplementation in hemodialysis patients with biochemical evidence of ongoing inflammation and “malnutrition.
The Initial Mass Function of Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in Young Clusters
We have obtained images of the Trapezium Cluster (140" x 140"; 0.3 pc x 0.3
pc) with the Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrometer (NICMOS). Combining these data with new ground-based K-band
spectra (R=800) and existing spectral types and photometry and the models of
D'Antona & Mazzitelli, we find that the distributions of ages of comparable
samples of stars in the Trapezium, rho Oph, and IC 348 indicate median ages of
\~0.4 Myr for the first two regions and ~1-2 Myr for the latter. The low-mass
IMFs in these sites of clustered star formation are similar over a wide range
of stellar densities and other environmental conditions. With current data, we
cannot rule out modest variations in the substellar mass functions among these
clusters. We then make the best estimate of the true form of the IMF in the
Trapezium by using the evolutionary models of Baraffe et al. and an empirically
adjusted temperature scale and compare this mass function to recent results for
the Pleiades and the field. All of these data are consistent with an IMF that
is flat or rises slowly from the substellar regime to about 0.6 Msun, and then
rolls over into a power law that continues from about 1 Msun to higher masses
with a slope similar to or somewhat larger than the Salpeter value of 1.35. For
the Trapezium, this behavior holds from our completeness limit of ~0.02 Msun
and probably, after a modest completeness correction, even from 0.01-0.02 Msun.
These data include ~50 likely brown dwarfs. We test the predictions of theories
of the IMF against various properties of the observed IMF.Comment: 34 pages, 13 figures, for color image see
http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~kluhman/trap/colorimage.jp
Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector (MKID) Camera Testing for Submillimeter Astronomy
Developing kilopixel focal planes for incoherent submm- and mm-wave detectors remains challenging due to either the large hardware overhead or the complexity of multiplexing standard detectors. Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) provide a efficient means to produce fully lithographic background-limited kilopixel focal planes. We are constructing an MKID-based camera for the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory with 576 spatial pixels each simultaneously sensitive in 4 bands at 230, 300, 350, and 400 GHz. The novelty of MKIDs has required us to develop new techniques for detector characterization. We have measured quasiparticle lifetimes and resonator Qs for detector bath temperatures between 200 mK and 400 mK. Equivalent lifetime measurements were made by coupling energy into the resonators either optically or by driving the third harmonic of the resonator. To determine optical loading, we use both lifetime and internal Q measurements, which range between 15,000 and 30,000 for our resonators. Spectral bandpass measurements confirm the placement of the 230 and 350 GHz bands. Additionally, beam maps measurements conform to expectations. The same device design has been characterized on both sapphire and silicon substrates, and for different detector geometries. We also report on the incorporation of new shielding to reduce detector sensitivity to local magnetic fields
An Optical Source Catalog of the North Ecliptic Pole Region
We present a five (u*,g',r',i',z') band optical photometry catalog of the
sources in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) region based on deep observations made
with MegaCam at CFHT. The source catalog covers about 2 square degree area
centered at the NEP and reaches depths of about 26 mag for u*, g', r' bands,
about 25 mag for i' band, and about 24 mag for z' band (4 sigma detection over
an 1 arcsec aperture). The total number of cataloged sources brighter than r'=
23 mag is about 56,000 including both point sources and extended sources. From
the investigation of photometric properties using the color-magnitude diagrams
and color-color diagrams, we have found that the colors of extended sources are
mostly (u*-r') 0.5. This can be used to separate the
extended sources from the point sources reliably, even for the faint source
domain where typical morphological classification schemes hardly work
efficiently. We have derived an empirical color-redshift relation of the red
sequence galaxies using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. By applying this
relation to our photometry catalog and searching for any spatial overdensities,
we have found two galaxy clusters and one nearby galaxy group.Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJS. The
pdf file with high resolution figures can be downloaded from
http://astro.snu.ac.kr/~nhwang/index.files/nep.htm
How Frustrated Strings Would Pull the Black Holes from the Centers of Galaxies
Recently Pen and Spergel (1997) have shown that a universe whose energy
density is dominated by a frustrated network of non-Abelian TeV-scale cosmic
strings could account for a broad class of cosmological observations. In this
paper we consider the effects of such a string network on the massive black
holes widely believed to inhabit the centers of many galaxies. As these black
holes traverse the universe together with their host galaxies, they would
intersect a large number of string segments. We argue that such segments would
become stuck to the black hole, and be stretched by the hole's motion.
Stretching the strings would cause significant deceleration of the black holes.
Although the black holes would probably not be removed from the galaxies
completely, they would be noticeably displaced from the galactic center of mass
-- by at least 5kpc. This displacement seems to be is contradiction to the
observational evidence.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
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