symbiont-mediated suppression of induced-defenses

symbiont-mediated suppression of induced-defense

Effect of <i>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</i> infection on symbiont densities (as indicated by relative copy number of specific genes) in <i>B. tabaci</i> B.

<p>(A) <i>Portiera</i> density in 2-week-old males and females. (B) <i>Hamiltonella</i> density in 2-week-old males and females. (C) <i>Rickettsia</i> density in 2-week-old males and females. (D) <i>Rickettsia</i> density in 4-week-old males and females; V(–) (non-viruliferous), V(+) (viruliferous). Sample sizes are indicated above the bars. *indicates significant a significant (<i>p</i><0.001) difference between that treatment and the other treatments. Values are means±SE.</p

Fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization of <i>B. tabaci</i> nymphs exposed to TYLCV.

<p>(A) Double FISH analysis of a non-viruliferous <i>B. tabaci</i> nymph with specific probes for <i>Portiera</i> (red) and <i>Rickettsia</i> (blue). (B) Double FISH analysis of a viruliferous <i>B. tabaci</i> nymph with specific probes for <i>Portiera</i> (red) and <i>Rickettsia</i> (blue). Bars = 100 µm. (C) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Fluorescence was quantified from 20 viruliferous nymphs and 20 non-viruliferous nymphs by counting the pixels in the corresponding image fields in each group. Pixel intensity was then quantified and finally expressed as MFI. Different letters indicate significant differences between virus treatments (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Whole-mount FISH analysis of the <i>B. tabaci</i> B nymphs used in this study.

<p>(A) Overlay of <i>Portiera</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> on dark field. (B) Overlay of <i>Portiera</i> and <i>Hamiltonella</i> on dark field. The epifluorescent images were generated artificially by combining two relevant monochrome images obtained with the same exposure time in the microscope. Red: <i>Portiera</i>; Blue: <i>Rickettsia</i>. Green: <i>Hamiltonella</i>. Bars = 100 µm.</p

Population density of bacterial symbionts (as indicated by relative copy number of specific genes) during <i>B. tabaci</i> B development and as affected by <i>B. tabaci</i> B mating status.

<p>(A) <i>Portiera</i> density. (B) <i>Hamiltonella</i> density. Whitefly sexes are indistinguishable before the adult phase (earlier than day 20 after hatch). Sample sizes are indicated above the data symbols for each time point. *, **indicate significant differences between densities in virgin males and females at the indicated time point (<i>p</i><0.01, 0.001; respectively). (C) <i>Portiera</i> and <i>Hamiltonella</i> densities in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week-old mated females. Values are means±SEM (n ≥10).</p

Symbiont density (as indicated by relative copy number of specific genes) in <i>B. tabaci</i> whiteflies through three successive host generations maintained under different temperature conditions.

<p>(A) <i>Portiera</i> density. (B) <i>Hamiltonella</i> density. (C) <i>Rickettsia</i> density. Values are means±SE (n ≥10). Different letters indicate significant differences among temperature treatments in the same generation (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Critical Analysis of Multi-Omic Data from a Strain of Plutella xylostella Resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Toxin

Rapid evolution of resistance in crop pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products threatens their widespread use, especially as pests appear to develop resistance through a range of different physiological adaptations. With such a diverse range of mechanisms reported, researchers have resorted to multi-omic approaches to understand the molecular basis of resistance. Such approaches generate a lot of data making it difficult to establish where causal links between physiological changes and resistance exist. In this study, a combination of RNA-Seq and iTRAQ was used with a strain of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), whose resistance mechanism is well understood. While some of the causal molecular changes in the resistant strain were detected, other previously verified changes were not detected. We suggest that while multi-omic studies have use in validating a proposed resistance mechanism, they are of limited value in identifying such a mechanism in the first place

TYLCV infection in samples of B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED collected from tomato in China in 2011

TYLCV infection in samples of B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED collected from tomato in China in 201

The Endosymbiont <i>Hamiltonella</i> Increases the Growth Rate of Its Host <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> during Periods of Nutritional Stress

<div><p>The whitefly <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) harbors several bacterial symbionts. Among the secondary (facultative) symbionts, <i>Hamiltonella</i> has high prevalence and high infection frequencies, suggesting that it may be important for the biology and ecology of its hosts. Previous reports indicated that <i>Hamiltonella</i> increases whitefly fitness and, based on the complete sequencing of its genome, may have the ability to synthesize cofactors and amino acids that are required by its host but that are not sufficiently synthesized by the host or by the primary endosymbiont, <i>Portiera</i>. Here, we assessed the effects of <i>Hamiltonella</i> infection on the growth of <i>B. tabaci</i> reared on low-, standard-, or high-nitrogen diets. When <i>B. tabaci</i> was reared on a standard-nitrogen diet, no cost or benefit was associated with <i>Hamiltonella</i> infection. But, if we reared whiteflies on low-nitrogen diets, <i>Hamiltonella</i>-infected whiteflies often grew better than uninfected whiteflies. Furthermore, nitrogen levels in field-collected whiteflies indicated that the nutritional conditions in the field were comparable to the low-nitrogen diet in our laboratory experiment. These data suggest that <i>Hamiltonella</i> may play a previously unrecognized role as a nutritional mutualist in <i>B. tabaci</i>.</p></div

Calanthe discolor Lindl. f. sieboldii Ohwi

原著和名: キエビネ科名: ラン科 = Orchidaceae採集地: 長崎県 対馬 竜良山 (対馬 竜良山)採集日: 1968/5/9採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH021062国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97106