Implementasi manajemen sarana dan prasarana dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada madrasah tsanawiyah negeri (MTSN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, pengawasan manajemen sarana dan prasarana dalam meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumen. Data yang didapat kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis data kualitatif yang terdiri dari: (a).reduksi data, (b).penyajian data, dan (c) penarikan kesimpulan. Temuan penelitian: (1) perencanaan manajemen sarana dan prasarana di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu terlebih dahulu dilakukan analisis kebutuhan riil baik yang menyangkut kebutuhan administrasi maupun pendukung kegiatan proses pembelajaran, seperti ruang kelas, moubilair, dan lain sebagainya. Yang melibatkan: Kepala Madrasah, KTU, bendahara, PKM, dan bahkan utusan dari komite sekolah. (2).Pengorganisasian manajemen sarana dan prasarana pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu dilakukan berdasarkan rumpun (kelompok) dari setiap jenis sarana itu sendiri, misalnya: bangunan fisik, moubilair, ATK, lingkungan, dan lain sebagainya yang kesemuanya itu di arsiparis berdasarkan ketentuan yang berlaku. (3) Pelaksanaan manajemen sarana dan prasarana di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu berjalan baik dan lancar. Pelaksanaannya masing-masing pihak bekerja sesuai job/pekerjaan masing-masing dan sesuai kepentingannya, sehingga sistem kerja tidak ada tumpang tindih antara satu sama lain. Dan pertanggung jawabannya langsung kepada Kepala madrasah MTsN Rantauprapat walaupun tetap di bawah koordinasi PKM sarana dan prasarana. (4).Pengawasan manajemen sarana dan prasarana pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu dilakukan dengan cara: a) Pengawasan rutin setiap harinya yang dilakukan oleh PKM sarana jika menyangkut persoalan sarana pendukung pembelajaran, sedangkan yang menyangkut administrasi dilakukan oleh KTU. b) Secara berkala yakni setiap 6 (enam) bulan sekali diadakan rapat evaluasi tentang keadaan sarana dan prasarana. (5) Terkait dengan evaluasi diketahui bahwa sarana dan prasarana di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Rantauprapat Kabupaten Labuhanbatu sudah terpenuhi dan sesuai dengan standar pendidikan nasional.

Preferential and Comprehensive Reconstitution of Severely Damaged Sciatic Nerve Using Murine Skeletal Muscle-Derived Multipotent Stem Cells

<div><p>Loss of vital functions in the somatic motor and sensory nervous systems can be induced by severe peripheral nerve transection with a long gap following trauma. In such cases, autologous nerve grafts have been used as the gold standard, with the expectation of activation and proliferation of graft-concomitant Schwann cells associated with their paracrine effects. However, there are a limited number of suitable sites available for harvesting of nerve autografts due to the unavoidable sacrifice of other healthy functions. To overcome this problem, the potential of skeletal muscle-derived multipotent stem cells (Sk-MSCs) was examined as a novel alternative cell source for peripheral nerve regeneration. Cultured/expanded Sk-MSCs were injected into severely crushed sciatic nerve corresponding to serious neurotmesis. After 4 weeks, engrafted Sk-MSCs preferentially differentiated into not only Schwann cells, but also perineurial/endoneurial cells, and formed myelin sheath and perineurium/endoneurium, encircling the regenerated axons. Increased vascular formation was also observed, leading to a favorable blood supply and waste product excretion. In addition, engrafted cells expressed key neurotrophic and nerve/vascular growth factor mRNAs; thus, endocrine/paracrine effects for the donor/recipient cells were also expected. Interestingly, skeletal myogenic capacity of expanded Sk-MSCs was clearly diminished in peripheral nerve niche. The same differentiation and tissue reconstitution capacity of Sk-MSCs was sufficiently exerted in the long nerve gap bridging the acellular conduit, which facilitated nerve regeneration/reconnection. These effects represent favorable functional recovery in Sk-MSC-treated mice, as demonstrated by good corduroy walking. We also demonstrated that these differentiation characteristics of the Sk-MSCs were comparable to native peripheral nerve-derived cells, whereas the therapeutic capacities were largely superior in Sk-MSCs. Therefore, Sk-MSCs can be a novel/suitable alternative cell source for healthy nerve autografts.</p></div

Cellular engraftment and comparison of regenerated axons, myelin and blood vessels in damaged portion of Sk-MSC-7d-, BMSC-7d- and SNDC-D-transplanted nerves at 4 weeks after injection.

<p>Comparisons were performed among 7-day cultured Sk-MSCs (Sk-MSC-7d) and BMSCs (BMSC-7d), freshly isolated SNDCs from damaged sciatic nerve (SNDC-D), and medium control (MC) groups based on the results shown in Fig. 1. (F–H). (A–C) Typical engraftment on whole cross-sections of each transplantation group (except for MC group). (D–F) Typical staining of regenerated axons as N200⁺, and myelin as MBP⁺ (G–I) and blood vessel formation as CD31⁺ regions (J–L). (M–P) Comparison of the above factors (Sk = Sk-MSC-7d, BM = BMSC-7d, SN = SNDC-D and MC = medium control). (M) Percentage of mean GFP⁺ area/total area on whole cross-sections, as compared to relative engraftment ratio. (N) Mean number of axons. (O) Mean number of myelin signals. (P) Mean number of blood vessels. Dotted lines in (N, O and P) indicate the mean number of axons, myelin signals and blood vessels in the corresponding portion of normal sciatic nerve (4625±470, 3179±760 and 27±4, respectively). Significantly greater cellular engraftment ratio and blood vessel formation was evident in the Sk-MSC group. N-200; Neurofilament 200, MBP; Myelin basic protein. *P≤0.05; all scale bars represent 200 µm.</p

Detailed analysis of engrafted cell differentiation into peripheral nerve tissues in damaged sciatic nerve by immunoelectron microscopy at 4 week.

<p>Three mice/group were used in this analysis. Anti-GFP antibody was used and positive reactions are represented as black dots. (A, B) Confirmation of Sk-MSC-7d differentiation into Schwann cells and formation of perineurium. (E–F) Similar confirmation of SNDC-D differentiation into Schwann cells and formation of perineurium. (C–D) Localization of BMSC-7d-derived fibroblast-like structure cells between Schwann cells and perineurium. Note that there were no other specific characteristics observed in BMSC-7d transplantation. S = Schwann cell. Fb = Fibroblast. Scale bars represent 2 µm.</p

Summary of transplanted cells into nerve crush injury model, and engraftment results.

<p>Summary of transplanted cells into nerve crush injury model, and engraftment results.</p

Immunohistochemical analysis in the bridging conduit with healthy nerve graft at 8 weeks after surgery.

<p>(A) Macroscopic observation. Yellow arrows show both ends of the conduit. Solid line and dotted squares, which are specified in panel (A), correspond to the panels hereafter. Some GFP⁺ cells/tissues were observed around the central portion of the conduit (A). (B, C, F–K) Cross-sections obtained from the solid line in (A). (D, E) Longitudinal section obtained from dotted square in (A). Interestingly, formation of perineurium/endoneurium was scarcely seen (B, C, I, and J), but a close relationship between GFP circles and N200⁺ reactions (I) and/or double labeling of GFP⁺/MBP⁺ reactions (yellow circle reactions) were frequently observed (J). This indicates that the main contribution of nerve grafts was limited by the supply of Schwann cells. There was no relationship between GFP⁺ cells and CD31⁺ reactions can be seen in panel (K); thus, donor-derived endothelial cells were also unavailable, in contrast to the former injection experiments into the crush nerve. Scale bars represent 1 mm (A), 200 µm (B–H) and 50 µm (I–K).</p

Expression of specific mRNAs for peripheral nerves, vascular and skeletal muscle lineages in three types of cells before transplantation, and in re-isolated Sk-MSC-3d and -7d cells after transplantation into damaged sciatic nerve.

<p>Thirty-six primers were used in this analysis. Blue bars represent differentiation markers for peripheral nerve cells. Pink bars represent nerve growth and neurotrophic factors. Red bars are differentiation markers for skeletal muscle, and green bars are common factors. Full names, details and roles of each primer used in this analysis are summarized in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091257#pone.0091257.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>. (A–C) Upper panels show expression patterns in the three types of cells before and after expansion culture (before transplantation); Sk-MSCs (A), BMSCs (B) and SNDCs (C). Freshly isolated Sk-MSCs (Fr) expressed all markers in the above 4 categories, and this expression was consistently enhanced during expansion cell culture (-3d and -7d in A), except for GFAP (mature Schwann cell marker naturally expressed in intact nerve, blue bar No. 31). In freshly isolated BMSCs (Fr), relatively strong expression of vascular-related growth factors (black) was observed, but the other three categories showed weak expression (B). After 7 days of expansion culture (-7d), expression of nerve, vascular and common factors were enhanced, but no enhancement of skeletal muscle markers was seen (black bars in B). There were no assertive characteristics in freshly isolated SNDCs from intact sciatic nerve (Fr-nonD in C), but uniform and strong expression of factors other than skeletal muscle lineage were observed in freshly isolated SNDCs from 4 days after damage (Fr-D in C). (D–E) Lower panels show expression in Sk-MSC-3d and -7d after transplantation into damaged sciatic nerve niche. Engrafted Sk-MSC-3d and -7d were enzymatically re-isolated from regenerating sciatic nerve at 7, 12, 17 days and 4 weeks after transplantation, and were sorted as GFP⁺ cells and subjected to mRNA analysis (D, E). Strong expression of skeletal myogenic mRNAs, which was observed in -3d and -7d cultured Sk-MSC preparations (red bars No. 1–9 in A) were gradually diminished with time after transplantation (compare A to D, E), but these decreases were faster in 7d-cul than in 3d-cul (compare at 12 and 17 days after transplantation in D and E), thus suggesting that myogenic potential was reduced after longer culture periods. However, expression of the remaining 3 categories (No. 10–36) was consistently/continuously observed in both preparations (D, E). Expression patterns of Sk-MSC-7d after 17 days closely resemble to those in SNDC from damaged nerve (Fr-D in c vs. 17 days in E).</p

Quantitative data for reconstruction of axon, myelin and blood vessels in bridging conduit and narrow corduroy walking scores at 8 weeks after surgery.

<p>Sk-MSC transplantation shows significant and/or favorable quantitative and functional recoveries in all four factors. Dotted lines indicate the mean number of axons, myelin signals and blood vessels in the corresponding portion of normal sciatic nerve (4625±470, 3179±760 and 27±4, respectively). Sk = Sk-MSC-7d, NG = nerve graft and MC = medium control. *P<0.05.</p

In vivo differentiation potential of re-isolated Sk-MSC-3d after “2^nd transplantation” into damaged skeletal muscle and sciatic nerve.

<p>To confirm the differentiation potential of once engrafted Sk-MSC-3d, GFP⁺ cells were re-isolated from transplanted crushed nerves (using same method as described in previous RT-PCR analysis) from 1^st transplanted mice (n = 10), and re-transplanted into both the damaged skeletal muscle and sciatic nerve models (2^nd transplantation). Re-isolation and 2^nd transplantation were performed at 7, 12, 17 days and 4 weeks after 1^st transplantation (n = 3 in each stages in both the damaged skeletal muscle and sciatic nerve), and final sampling was performed at 4 weeks after 2^nd transplantation. The left column shows transplantation into damaged skeletal muscle, and the right column shows transplantation into damaged sciatic nerve. (A) Some GFP⁺ muscle fibers were detected in limited areas (arrows in A). (B, C) Incorporation of GFP⁺ cells to the vascular (arrows in B) and peripheral nerve (arrows in C) tissues were also evident. There were no GFP⁺ muscle fibers detected thereafter, with a lower rate of cellular engraftment (at 12 and 17 days, data not shown). (D) Few GFP⁺ cells related to nerves were seen in the case of re-isolated-4w (arrows in D). (E) There was a large number of GFP⁺ muscle fibers near the N-200⁺ nerve bundles when Sk-MSC-3d were directly transplanted into damaged muscle (as 1^st transplantation), thus indicating vigorous skeletal myogenic potential. These data indicate that diminished engraftment capacity of Sk-MSC-3d is associated with reduced myogenic potential in the 2^nd transplantation. (F) When original SNDC-D was directly transplanted into damaged skeletal muscle niche, they were unable to differentiate into muscle fibers, and their engraftment capacity was quite low. (G–I) 2^nd transplantation of re-isolated Sk-MSC-3d cells at -7d (G), -12d (H) and -4 w (I) into damaged sciatic nerve. Number of engrafted cells increased gradually with time after 2^nd transplantation. (J–L) Similar trends in cell differentiation which was observed in 1^st transplantation were seen for 2^nd transplantation (refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091257#pone-0091257-g002" target="_blank">Figs. 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091257#pone-0091257-g003" target="_blank">3</a>). Scale bars represent 50 µm (A–F, and J–L), 20 µm (inset of F) and 200 µm (G–I).</p

Evaluation of nerve crush injury model, and macroscopic observations at 4 weeks after transplantation.

<p>(A) Determination of crush distance and (B) nerve crush by forceps and (C) features immediately after crush damage under stereomicroscope. Nerve length was strictly determined by forceps fixed at 7-mm distance (A), and crush damage was added using other forceps from the vertical direction to the nerve (B). Translucent bands, which are evidence of nerve crush damage, were clearly evident immediately after surgery (C). (D and E) To confirm the details of the present nerve damage model, 10-minute post-damage nerve was prepared as a resin-section, and was stained with toluidine-blue. Several complete disruptions of nerve fiber bundles could be seen in the longitudinal section (arrows in D), corresponding to the translucent bands in (C). However, continuous epineurium (an envelope of entire nerve) was maintained (arrows in E). (F–H) GFP⁺ tissues were also detectable under the stereomicroscope at 4 weeks after transplantation. Stronger and widespread emission was observed with Sk-MSC transplantation. Scale bars represent 1 mm (C, F–H), 500 µm (D) and 200 µm (E).</p