他者の言葉が女子大学生の痩身願望へ及ぼす影響

Previous studies have discussed the effects of others with whom one has a close relationship on one\u27s desire to lose weight. The present study investigates whether the statements of people with whom one is close affect one\u27s desire to lose weight. One hundred and fifty-seven female undergraduates were asked to imagine situations in which people close to them(e.g., father, mother, intimate partner, close acquaintance)praised another female and to imagine how this would affect their desire to lose weight. Results of the analyses of their self-ratings for 11 items designed to measure the desire to lose weight showed that the desire to lose weight was higher when participants imagined that the person doing the praising was a close acquaintance of the same generation than when participants imagined their parents. This difference tended to be pronounced when the person whom the participant imagined was male(i.e. opposite sex)compared to cases in which the person whom the participant imagined was female(i.e. same sex). We discuss the effects of kinship relations and the gender of people close to one who comment on someone\u27s weight, and the desire to lose weight. We discuss this from the perspective of evolutionary psychology and social psychology

社会的排除が状態自尊感情および将来予測に及ぼす影響

The present study investigates the effect of ambiguous rejection(e.g., people are ignored by others)and obvious rejection(e.g., people are negatively evaluated by others)on predictions of future rejection. One hundred and thirty-seven male and female undergraduates were asked to imagine situations in which they were either accepted, rejected implicitly, or rejected explicitly, and to complete a questionnaire. The results suggest that social rejection lowered participants\u27 state self-esteem and boosted the perceived likelihood of future rejection by the rejecter. However, social rejection did not boost the perceived likelihood of future rejection by people they didn\u27t already know. Although there was no difference between ambiguous rejection and obvious rejection generally, males were less likely than females to lower their state self-esteem in cases of obvious rejection. The results are discussed from the perspective of sociometer theory

〔論 文〕 非社会的な数量比較が計算課題遂行に及ぼす影響

Previous studies have indicated that social comparison influences regulatory focus process. Recently, Mussweiler & Mayer(2011)argued that non-social numerical comparison could also influence regulatory focus process and tried to provide new insight into studies of comparison process. The present study tested the validity of their argument by replicating two experiments that they conducted. In study 1, participants who were numerically induced to compare a smaller stimulus with a larger stimulus traded speed for accuracy in the calculation task. Conversely, participants who had compared a larger stimulus with a smaller stimulus traded accuracy for speed. In study 2, numerical comparison did not influence the performance of the calculation task. These results refute the findings of Mussweiler & Mayer(2011). The influence of numerical comparison is discussed and criticized in terms of self-assignment, evaluative aspect of social comparison, and the feature of self-regulation

ウェブページにおける周辺手がかりが閲覧者の態度に与える効果 : トピックへの興味の個人差を用いた検討

The present study investigated the effects of the decoration for a web page on the observer\u27s attitude toward its topic. Previous studies suggested that peripheral cues could change the attitude of the observer who has little motivation for processing information in the direction of the message. The study took the observer\u27s interest in the topic of the web page as his or her motivation for processing information. Decoration for the web page should serve as a peripheral cue and should change the attitude of the observer not interested in the topic of the web page. Results were consistent with this prediction. Furthermore, the message of the web page without decoration was processed more deliberatively than that with decoration. The implications for the theories about attitude change and for the application in the real world were discussed

解釈レベルがステレオタイプ反証刺激の 非意識的評価に及ぼす影響

The present study investigates the effect of construal level on unconscious evaluation of the stimuli about Black people who are inconsistent with racial stereotypes. While Black people could be represented abstractly as a "prototype", they could also be represented concretely as an "exemplar". Construal level should moderate which group representation would be used. Especially, people who think abstractly should represent Blacks as a prototype, while people who think concretely should represent them as an exemplar. Sixty-six female undergraduates participated in an experiment in which their construal mindset was manipulated and were asked to do the single category IAT using pictures of competent Black celebrities. Contrary to the prediction, participants in concrete mindset condition evaluated positive black celebrities negatively. It suggests that they might use racial stereotypes(i.e. prototypes). The results are discussed in terms of the availability of exemplars, the contents of stereotypes, and the cognitive structure of group representation

否定的評価の過大推測に対する特性自尊心の調整効果:場面想定法を用いた検討

Previous studies have shown that people committing social blunders anticipate being judged more harshly by others than they actually are.Because self-esteem reflects the feeling that the person expects to be accepted by others,it was hypothesized that the overestimation bias would be moderated by individual differences in trait self-esteem.Female undergraduates(n=118)considered two hypothetical scenarios.In the actor condition,participants were asked to imagine that they had committed a social blunder and anticipate how negatively observers would judge them.In the observer and the third person conditions,participants imagined watching someone else commit a blunder.Participants in the observer condition judged those actors.Participants in the third person condition anticipated how negatively observers would judge those actors.Results indicated that participants in the actor condition anticipated that they would be evaluated more negatively compared to the judgments by participants in the observer and the third person conditions.In the actor condition,people with low self-esteem overestimated others\u27negative evaluation compared to those with high self-esteem.The implication of these findings for social interactions and the limitation of the present study are discussed

試験準備に活性化した自尊心と時間的距離感が及ぼす影響(2)-成績予測の経時的変化-

Self-esteem is a global representation of the self that varies in its level of activation. Self-esteem should have an influence on future prediction depending on its activation level. According to the construal level theory, temporal distance moderates the influence of the activated self-esteem. Undergraduates (n=89) participated in a panel survey on predictions about their examination performance, in which their level of self-esteem activation was manipulated. Contrary to the hypothesis, the valence of activated self-esteem did not influence predictions of the participants that were made five weeks before the exam, whereas it did influence their predictions made just after they completed the exam. It is concluded that perceived temporal distance moderated the effect of self-esteem on predictions that were made after the exam. The effects of acquiring new data on future outcomes and on contrasting optimistic predictions with the level of salient self-esteem that leads to self-verification are discussed

気分と報酬遅延が計画錯誤に及ぼす影響

Planning fallacy refers to the underestimation of the time taken to complete a future task, despite knowing that previous tasks have generally taken longer than planned. It was hypothesized that mood and delay of reward would intensify the planning fallacy. Forty-five female undergraduates participated in a cognitive experiment while hearing calm, toe-tapping music,or depressive music in the background. In the delay condition, participants were asked to write and submit an essay about the experiment in two weeks,and were promised a monetary reward on the day of submission. In the no-delay condition,participants received the reward and were asked to write an essay in two weeks.Then,participants predicted the date and the time required for completing the task.The delay of monetary reward apparently intensified the planning fallacy about the date of completion. However,the null effect on the predicted date suggested that participant`s commitment resulting from getting the reward might facilitate their performance and diminish the planning fallacy.Positive mood intensified the planning fallacy about the time required. It is suggested that this could be a mood-congruent effect. The effects of motivation and mood on the planning fallacy were discussed