学習者の〈自律／自立〉を支え、育む授業づくりに関する一考察―〈自律／自立〉概念の問い直しをもとにして―

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一人ひとりの学びの深さを生み出す授業のなかの〈対話〉：対話の重層的性格に着目して

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学びの深さを志向する学級における教師の〈結び付ける力〉の分析：文学教材の読みをめぐる学習者の変容を通して

The purpose of this study was to examine the research hypothesis that teachers’ competence of “bonding” is important regarding its orientation to the depth of learning.We analyzed how learners’ comparative reading changed in literary texts for students in the fifth grade of elementary school.We use three genealogies of the depth of learning as an analysis framework: “deep understanding,” “deep approach to learning,” and “deep engagement.”First, the teacher designed the unit based on “bonding” educational content research with the actual situation of the learners in order for the learners to experience a “deep understanding.”Second, when learners experience a “deep understanding,” concepts and principles can be used in other contexts, and that experience will create a scaffolding for a “deep approach to learning,” in which they pursue their own meaning.Third, “deep engagement” is further strengthened by “bonding,” “deep understanding,” and a “deep approach to learning.”As described above, it was found that teacher’s competence of “bonding” with “deep understanding,” “deep approach to learning,” and “deep engagement” improved the social capital and cultural capital of learners.論

Autoimmune Th17 Cells Induced Synovial Stromal and Innate Lymphoid Cell Secretion of the Cytokine GM-CSF to Initiate and Augment Autoimmune Arthritis

Despite the importance of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases, it remains unclear how they control other inflammatory cells in autoimmune tissue damage. Using a model of spontaneous autoimmune arthritis, we showed that arthritogenic Th17 cells stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes via interleukin-17 (IL-17) to secrete the cytokine GM-CSF and also expanded synovial-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in inflamed joints. Activated synovial ILCs, which expressed CD25, IL-33Ra, and TLR9, produced abundant GM-CSF upon stimulation by IL-2, IL-33, or CpG DNA. Loss of GM-CSF production by either ILCs or radio-resistant stromal cells prevented Th17 cell-mediated arthritis. GM-CSF production by Th17 cells augmented chronic inflammation but was dispensable for the initiation of arthritis. We showed that GM-CSF-producing ILCs were present in inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Thus, a cellular cascade of autoimmune Th17 cells, ILCs, and stromal cells, via IL-17 and GM-CSF, mediates chronic joint inflammation and can be a target for therapeutic intervention

Unique morphological characteristics of Japanese sand lances, genus Ammodytes, possibly endemic along the northern Sanriku Coast

Herein, we report a unique morphological characteristic of Japanese sand lances, genus Ammodytes, inhabiting the northern Sanriku Coast. Japanese sand lances are distributed widely in Japanese coastal waters and possess vivid spots on the both sides of their head, which reflect environmental light and can be visually observed. However, the population in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate completely lacks these spots, which is mutual in the sympatric species A. japonicus and A. heian. This difference in the local population in the Otsuchi Bay relative to those in other localities has been likely overlooked because the spots quickly disappear after the fish dies; therefore, they are not recognizable in preserved specimens. Furthermore, the population in Sendai Bay, Miyagi consists of individuals with these spots present (75%) and absent (25%), suggesting an immigration of the latter from the northern Sanriku Coast. Microscopic observation revealed that the spots are iridophore-like cells because of their oval shape and the absence of pigments and are probably connected to the nervous system. The present study should encourage future research to clarify the taxonomy and population structure of Japanese sand lances, whose stock has been decreasing and for which a management plan is urgently needed.Short Not

Qualitative and Quantitative Assessments of Cardiac Sarcoidosis using 18F-FDG PET

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease pathologically characterized by non-caseating granuloma. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) remains an important prognostic factor of sarcoidosis patients. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has been applied as a noninvasive tool not only for CS diagnoses but also for the evaluation of therapeutic effects and prognoses. Visual assessment is a standard method to evaluate whether the 18F-FDG uptake is physiological or active inflammation due to the CS. A semi-quantitative assessment using the standardized uptake value (SUV) is a simple method for achieving a more accurate diagnosis. A volume-based analysis has been proposed as a new marker that can provide information about the improvement or prevention of heart failure and can be used to predict a further clinical event in CS patients. This is a brief review of the objective and quantitative assessments of the magnitude and extent of CS activity with the use of 18F-FDG PET

Improved spillover correction model to quantify myocardial blood flow by C-11-acetate PET : comparison with O-15-H2O PET

C-11-acetate has been applied for evaluation of myocardial oxidative metabolism and can simultaneously estimate myocardial blood flow (MBF). We developed a new method using two-parameter spillover correction to estimate regional MBF (rMBF) with C-11-acetate PET in reference to MBF derived from O-15-H2O PET. The usefulness of our new approach was evaluated compared to the conventional method using one-parameter spillover correction. Sixty-three subjects were examined with C-11-acetate and O-15-H2O dynamic PET at rest. Inflow rate of C-11-acetate (K1) was compared with MBF derived from O-15-H2O PET. For the derivation, the relationship between K1 and MBF from O-15-H2O was linked by the Renkin-Crone model in 20 subjects as a pilot group. One-parameter and two-parameter corrections were applied to suppress the spillover between left ventricular (LV) wall and LV cavity. Validation was set using the other 43 subjects' data. Finally, rMBFs were calculated using relational expression derived from the pilot-group data. The relationship between K1 and MBF derived from O-15-H2O PET was approximated as K1 = [1-0.764 x exp(-1.001/MBF)] MBF from the pilot data using the two-parameter method. In the validation set, the correlation coefficient between rMBF from C-11-acetate and O-15-H2O demonstrated a significantly higher relationship with the two-parameter spillover correction method than the one-parameter spillover correction method (r = 0.730, 0.592, respectively, p < 0.05). In C-11-acetate PET study, the new two-parameter spillover correction method dedicated more accurate and robust myocardial blood flow than the conventional one-parameter method