Perubahan Harga Lahan dalam Kaitannya dengan Pembangunan Pertanian di Pedesaan Lampung

IndonesianDalam pembangunan pertanian diperlukan empat faktor penggerak yaitu sumberdaya lahan, sumberdaya manusia, teknologi dan kelembagaan. Keempat faktor diatas saling terkait satu sama lain, sehingga bila salahsatu faktor diatas mengalami hambatan sulit tercapai sasaran yang diinginkan. Pesatnya laju pembangunan beberapa tahun terakhir, menyebabkan sumberdaya lahan terasa semakin terbatas. Hal ini disebabkan oleh terjadinya Perubahan fungsi lahan untuk kepentingan pembangunan itu sendiri. Bertitik tolak dari permasalahan diatas, sumberdaya lahan khususnya lahan pertanian dapat merupakan permasalahan pada masa mendatang. Sumberdaya lahan untuk pertanian akan merupakan suatu komoditi langka dan mempunyai nilai yang tinggi. Kondisi seperti ini akan banyak membawa dampak, baik terhadap nilai lahan, kelembagaan pertanian dan lain sebagainya. Prubahan-Perubahan yang terjadi sudah tentu akan mempengaruhi pembangunan pertanian pada masa mendatang

Frozen undecalcified sagittal section of mandible 12 weeks after transplantation.

<p>The top, bottom, left, and right of each panel show the lingual, labial, incisal end, and apical end sides, respectively. (<b>A</b>) In the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the lingual side of the incisor presents periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum (C), dentin (D), and odontoblasts (arrowhead). The labial tissue consists of odontoblasts (arrowhead), dentin (D), enamel (E), and ameloblasts (arrow). DP, dental pulp cells. (<b>B</b>) The panel shows migration of the donor derived cells with green fluorescence. There are green fluorescent cells in the lingual side (outlined arrowheads) as well as in the labial side (arrow). (<b>C</b>) Reaction products with anti-podoplanin are observed in the nerve sheaths (asterisk), odontoblasts (arrowhead), and ameloblasts (arrow). There is a location showing cross-reaction with anti-podoplanin at the enamel matrix (double asterisk). (<b>D</b>) Merged image of <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and blue fluorescence of DAPI’s. Boxed area (a) in <b>D</b> indicates the identical location and size of that in <b>A</b>. (<b>E</b>, <b>F</b>) Boxed area (a) of <b>A</b> and <b>D</b> at a medium magnification. (<b>E</b>) Periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum (C), and dentin (D) are observed. (<b>F</b>) Green fluorescent cells are observed in the cementum but not in the periodontal ligament. The boxed area (b) in <b>F</b> indicates the identical location and size of that in <b>E</b>. (<b>G</b>, <b>H</b>) Boxed area (b) of <b>E</b> and <b>F</b> at a high magnification, respectively. (<b>G</b>) The HE section shows cementocyte-like cells in the cementum (C) close to the dentin (D) surface. (<b>H</b>) Green fluorescent cementocyte-like cells are observed. The nuclei are observed in the green fluorescent cells. Scale bars: 500 μm in <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>; 100 μm in <b>E</b>, <b>F</b>; 10 μm in <b>G</b>, <b>H</b>.</p

Distribution of TLR2-positive cells in diabetic mouse kidneys.

<p>The immunostained sections were re-stained by HE staining. The HE staining shows that renal tubules are expanded in the cortex of the kidneys of STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice (ICR-STZ) and of HF-induced type II diabetic KK/Ta mice (KK/Ta-HF). In the non-diabetic ICR mouse kidney section, all of the glomeruli were immunostained with the antibody for the podocyte marker, podoplanin (PDPN, arrows, staining red), while there were no cells reacting with anti-TLR2. In the ICR-STZ and KK/Ta-HF mouse kidney sections, there are areas immunostained by anti-TLR2 (arrowheads, staining green) in all of the podoplanin-positive glomeruli. In the KK/Ta mouse kidney sections, podoplanin-negative proximal tubules which are more strongly stained with eosin than the distal tubules are also immunostained by anti-TLR2 (white arrowheads, staining green). In the ICR-STZ and KK/Ta-HF mouse kidney sections, distal tubules, collecting tubules, and blood vessels outside glomeruli are not stained. Bar: 100 µm.</p

S3 Fig

<p>S3 Fig. Weak podoplanin expression of ameloblasts in the frozen undecalcified sagittal section of mandible 2 weeks after surgery. (<b>A</b>) In the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, dental pulp cells (DP), odontoblasts (OB), dentin (D), enamel (E), ameloblasts (AB), and stratum intermedium cells (SI) are observed. Boxed area (a) is magnified in <b>E</b>-<b>H</b>. (<b>B</b>) The green fluorescence in the odontoblasts (OB) is weaker than that in the ameloblasts (AB), but within the detectable level. There is green fluorescence in the capillaries (arrows) of the dental pulp. (<b>C</b>) reaction products with anti-podoplanin antibody are strongly observed in the odontoblasts (OB) and weakly observed in the ameloblasts (AB). (<b>D</b>) Merged image of <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and blue fluorescence of DAPI’s. (<b>E-H</b>) Figures are the area of <b>A</b>(a) at a high magnification. (<b>E</b>) In the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, enamel (E), ameloblasts (AB), and stratum intermedium cells (SI) are observed.  (<b>F</b>) Green fluorescence is not observed in enamel (E), but clearly observed in ameloblasts (AB), and stratum intermedium cells (SI). (<b>G</b>) Weak podoplanin expression is observed in ameloblasts (AB), and stratum intermedium cells (SI). (<b>H</b>) Merged image of <b>F</b>, <b>G</b>, and blue fluorescence of DAPI’s. Scale bars: 100 μm in <b>A</b>, <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>; 10 μm in <b>E</b>, <b>F</b>, <b>G</b>, <b>H</b>.</p

Green fluorescence expression in 1-week-old C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mouse mandibular incisors.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Mandibular incisors of the C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) mouse (green mouse, top) and the C57BL/6 mouse (wild type, bottom) in phase contrast image. Incisors from the green mice showed identical shapes, sizes, and development as those from the wild type mice. The graft tissue was separated at the yellow dotted line. (<b>B</b>) Fluorescent image of the same teeth as <b>A</b>. The green fluorescence is observed only in the mandibular incisor of the green mouse. (<b>C</b>) Sagittal section stained with hematoxylin and eosin of the green mouse mandibular incisor. Asterisk indicates the apical bud. The graft tissue was separated at the yellow dotted line. (<b>D</b>) Fluorescent image of the same section as <b>C</b>. Green fluorescence is observed throughout the section with different intensities. Scale bars: 200 μm in <b>A</b> and <b>B</b>; 100 μm in <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>.</p

Green fluorescence and podoplanin expression in the apical end of the mandibular incisor.

<p>Figures are the area of (b) in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150766#pone.0150766.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> here at medium magnification. (<b>A</b>) In the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, an apical bud (asterisk), pre-ameloblasts (arrowhead), dental pulp cells (DP), odontoblasts (OB), and ameloblasts (AB) are observed. Boxed areas (a) and (b) are magnified in Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150766#pone.0150766.g005" target="_blank">5</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150766#pone.0150766.g006" target="_blank">6</a>, respectively. (<b>B</b>) Green fluorescence is observed in the apical bud (asterisk), pre-ameloblasts (arrowhead), ameloblasts (AB), odontoblasts (OB), and dental pulp cells (DP). Green fluorescence is found in the capillaries of the dental pulp (arrows) as well. (<b>C</b>) Podoplanin expression is observed in apical bud (asterisk), pre-ameloblasts (arrowhead), and odontoblasts (OB). Immunoreaction with anti-podoplanin is weaker in ameloblasts (AB) than in pre-ameloblasts (arrowhead), and is stronger in odontoblasts (OB) than in pre-odontoblasts (outlined arrowhead). (<b>D</b>) Merged image of <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and blue fluorescence of DAPI’s. Scale bars: 100 μm.</p

Green fluorescence in the transitional area between recipient tissue and donor derived tissue.

<p>Figures are the area of (a) in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150766#pone.0150766.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> here at medium magnification. (<b>A</b>) In the section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the recipient tissue (asterisk) is replaced by the donor-derived tissue (double asterisk). Ameloblasts (AB) and enamel (E) are observed both in the recipient and donor derived tissue. In the transitional area enamel-like hard tissue (arrow) is found surrounded by the dentin. Odontoblasts (OB) and dentin (D) are continuous through recipient tissue to donor derived tissue. SI, stratum intermedium. (<b>B</b>) Green fluorescence is observed in odontoblasts (OB), ameloblasts (AB), and the stratum intermedium (SI) of the donor derived tissue (double asterisk). The green fluorescence is not observed in the recipient tissue (asterisk). (<b>C</b>) Reaction products with anti-podoplanin antibody are observed in the odontoblasts (OB) and ameloblasts (AB) of the recipient and the donor derived tissue. (<b>D</b>) Merged image of <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, and blue fluorescence of DAPI’s. Scale bars: 100 μm.</p

Cytokine induction by <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS in the diabetic mouse kidneys.

<p>(A) Immunohistochemistry for the expression of cytokines and podoplanin (PDPN) in glomeruli by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. The IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β were detected in the glomeruli of STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice with the repeated intraperitoneal administration of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS (STZ+LPS) whereas the no cytokines were detected in the kidneys of the diabetic mice without LPS (STZ). Bar: 20 µm. (B) Tissue RT-PCR for cytokine mRNAs in mouse kidneys. The amplicons of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β mRNAs were detected from both the renal cortex of STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice with the repeated intraperitoneal administrations of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS (STZ+LPS) and cultured mouse macrophage J774.1 with LPS, whereas they were not detected from the diabetic mice without LPS (STZ). (C) Tissue real-time PCR for cytokine mRNAs in mouse kidneys. The gene expression amounts of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β were statistically significantly larger in the kidney tissue of STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice with the repeated intraperitoneal administrations of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS (STZ+LPS) than in the diabetic mice without LPS (STZ) and in the non-diabetic ICR mice with LPS (LPS). Data are expressed as means+SD. *Significantly different (<i>p</i><0.01).</p

Immunostaining for TLR2, PECAM-1, podoplanin, and VE-cadherin.

<p>Mouse and human leukocyte cell line J774A.1 and HL60 were immunostained with both anti-PECAM-1 (CD31) and anti-TLR2, and nuclei were stained by DAPI. In the mouse heart section, lymphatic vessels (arrowheads) were immunostained by anti-podoplanin (PDPN) and a blood vessel (arrows) was stained by anti-VE-cadherin (VE-cad). In the human kidney section with type II diabetic nephropathy, there are glomerular endothelial cells immunostained with both anti-PECAM-1 (CD31) and anti-TLR2 (arrows), and cells that are only immunostained with anti-TLR2 (arrowheads). Bar: 20 µm.</p

Quantitative analysis for TLR2 gene expression in the diabetic mouse kidneys and the effects of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS on diabetic nephropathy.

<p>(A) Tissue PCR for TLR2 mRNA of the mouse renal cortex. The RT-PCR and real-time PCR analysis show that the mRNA amounts were larger in the STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice (STZ) than in the non-diabetic ICR mice (ICR). *Significantly different (p<0.05) (B) Survival curve of the STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice with repeated intraperitoneal administrations of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> LPS. All of the 6 diabetic mice with LPS (red curve) died within the survival period of all of the diabetic mice without LPS and the non-diabetic mice with LPS (blue curve). (C) Urinalysis for STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice with LPS at the 8th week of survival. Urine reagent strips show sugar, protein, and bleeding in the mouse urine of non-diabetic ICR mice (ICR), non-diabetic ICR mice with LPS (LPS), STZ-induced type I diabetic ICR mice without LPS (STZ), and the diabetic mice with LPS (STZ+LPS). Extensive amounts of urinary sugar was observed in the diabetic mice and the diabetic mice with LPS, and the urinary protein level was higher in the diabetic mice with LPS than in the diabetic mice without LPS.</p