Peraturan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri dalam Negeri Nomor 08 dan 09 Tahun 2006 Tentang Pendirian Rumah Ibadat (Kajian dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia )

Pundamental 1945 Constitution as the rule has been set explicitly for religious freedom in the run by followers, who belong to one human rights has, but in reality the persecution of religious life and often inevitable. Between religious persecution can come from various directions such as harassing each other, mutual intimidate(violence) and that most often occurs between religious persecution that is prihal establishment synagogue. Therefore, in terms of the establishment of the synagogue there must be government intervention to regulate it, if in this case given the freedom and without any clear rules, the sectarian conflict will not be able to avoid. One step from the government to avoid conflict in the establishment of the synagogue is to be issued the Joint Decree of the Minister of Religious Affairs and the Minister of Home Affairs Number 08 and Number 09 Year 2006 About the Construction of Houses of Worship that aims to create harmony and peace between religious and have certainty Strong law

Magnetic–Nonmagnetic Phase Transition with Interlayer Charge Disproportionation of Nb₃ Trimers in the Cluster Compound Nb₃Cl₈

We grew large single crystals of the cluster magnet Nb₃Cl₈ with a magnetic triangular lattice and investigated its magnetic properties and crystal structure. In Nb₃Cl₈, the [Nb₃]⁸⁺ cluster has a single unpaired spin, making it an <i>S</i> = 1/2 triangular lattice anti-ferromagnet. At low temperatures, Nb₃Cl₈ exhibits a magnetic–nonmagnetic phase transition driven by a charge disproportionation, in which the paramagnetic [Nb₃]⁸⁺ clusters transform into alternating layers of nonmagnetic [Nb₃]⁷⁺ and [Nb₃]⁹⁺ clusters. The observed exotic phenomenon with the strong correlation between the magnetism and structure are based on the nature of the cluster magnetism

Linear Coordination Fullerene C₆₀ Polymer [{Ni(Me₃P)₂}(μ‑η²,η²‑C₆₀)]_∞ Bridged by Zerovalent Nickel Atoms

Coordination nickel-bridged fullerene polymer [{Ni­(Me₃P)₂}­(μ-η²,η²-C₆₀)]_∞ (<b>1</b>) has been obtained via reduction of a Ni^II(Me₃P)₂Cl₂ and C₆₀ mixture. Each nickel atom is linked in the polymer with two fullerene units by η²-type Ni–C­(C₆₀) bonds of 2.087(8)–2.149(8) Å length. Nickel atoms are coordinated to the 6–6 bonds of C₆₀ as well as two trimethylphosphine ligands to form a four-coordinated environment around the metal centers. Fullerene cages approach very close to each other in the polymer with a 9.693(3) Å interfullerene center-to-center distance, and two short interfullerene C–C contacts of 2.923(7) Å length are formed. Polymer chains are densely packed in a crystal with interfullerene center-to-center distances between fullerenes from neighboring polymer chains of 9.933(3) Å and multiple interfullerene C···C contacts. As a result, three-dimensional dense fullerene packing is formed in <b>1</b>. According to optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, fullerenes are neutral in <b>1</b> and nickel atoms have a zerovalent state with a diamagnetic d¹⁰ electron configuration. The density functional theory calculations prove the diamagnetic state of the polymer with a singlet–triplet gap wider than 1.37 eV

Redox Modulation of <i>para</i>-Phenylenediamine by Substituted Nitronyl Nitroxide Groups and Their Spin States

Three kinds of <i>para</i>-phenylenediamine (PDA) derivatives bearing nitronyl nitroxide (NN) groups were prepared and characterized on the basis of the electrochemical, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic, absorption spectroscopic, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. It was clarified that the oxidation potential of the central PDA unit is strongly influenced by the numbers of substituted electron–withdrawing NN groups. In addition, the intervalence charge transfer in the central PDA unit was detected in the monocationic states of the PDAs with two NN groups, indicating the coexistence of the localized spins and the delocalized spin on theses molecules. Moreover, pulsed ESR measurements confirmed that the delocalized spin on the central PDA unit and the localized two spins on the NN groups were ferromagnetically coupled in the monocationic states

Magnetic and Optical Properties of Layered (Me₄P⁺)[M^IVO(Pc^•3–)]^•–(TPC)_0.5·C₆H₄Cl₂ Salts (M = Ti and V) Composed of π‑Stacking Dimers of Titanyl and Vanadyl Phthalocyanine Radical Anions

Two isostructural salts with radical anions of titanyl and vanadyl phthalocyanines (Me₄P⁺)­[M^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–­(TPC)_0.5­·C₆H₄Cl₂ (M = Ti (<b>1</b>), V (<b>2</b>)), where TPC is triptycene, were obtained. These salts contain phthalocyanine layers composed of the {[M^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–}₂ dimers with strong π–π intradimer interaction. The reduction of metal phthalocyanines was centered on the Pc macrocycles providing the appearance of new bands in the near infrared range and a blue shift of Q- and Soret bands. That results in the alternation of shorter and longer C–N_imine bonds in Pc^•3–. Only one <i>S</i> = 1/2 spin is delocalized over Pc^•3– in <b>1</b> providing a χ_M<i>T</i> value of 0.364 emu K mol^–1 at 300 K. Salt <b>1</b> showed antiferromagnetic behavior approximated by the Heisenberg model for isolated pairs of antiferromagnetically interacting spins with exchange interaction of <i>J</i>/<i>k</i>_B = −123.0 K. The χ_M<i>T</i> value for <b>2</b> is equal to 0.617 emu K mol^–1 at 300 K to show the contribution of two <i>S</i> = 1/2 spins localized on V^IV and delocalized over Pc^•3–. Magnetic behavior of <b>2</b> is described by the Heisenberg model for a four-spin system with strong intermolecular coupling between Pc^•3– in {[V^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–}₂ (<i>J</i>_inter/<i>k</i>_B = −105.0 K) and weaker intramolecular coupling between the V^IV and Pc^•3– (<i>J</i>_intra/<i>k</i>_B = −15.2 K)

Structural Transitions from Triangular to Square Molecular Arrangements in the Quasi-One-Dimensional Molecular Conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb)

A series of quasi-one-dimensional molecular conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb), where DMEDO-TTF is dimethyl­(ethylenedioxy)­tetrathiafulvalene, undergo characteristic structural transitions in the range of 130–195 K for the PF₆ salt and 222–242 K for the AsF₆ salt. The dramatic structural transition is induced by the order of the ethylenedioxy moiety, and the resulting anion rotation leads to the reconstruction of the H···F interaction between the methyl groups and the anions. The unique hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the transition. As a result, the molecular packing is rearranged entirely; the high-temperature molecular stacks with an ordinary quasi-triangular molecular network transforms to a quasi-square-like network, which has never been observed among organic conductors. Nonetheless, the low-temperature phase exhibits a good metallic conductivity as well, so the transition is a metal–metal (MM) transition. The resistivity measured along the perpendicular direction to the conducting <i>ac</i>-plane (ρ_⊥) and the calculation of the Fermi surface demonstrate that the high-temperature metal phase is a one-dimensional metal, whereas the low-temperature metal phase has considerable interchain interaction. In the SbF₆ salt, a similar structural transition takes place around 370 K, so that the quasi-square-like lattice is realized even at room temperature. Despite the largely different MM transition temperatures, all these salts undergo metal–insulator (MI) transitions approximately at the same temperature of 50 K. The low-temperature insulator phase is nonmagnetic, and the reflectance spectra suggest the presence of charge disproportionation with small charge difference (0.14)

Structural Transitions from Triangular to Square Molecular Arrangements in the Quasi-One-Dimensional Molecular Conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb)

A series of quasi-one-dimensional molecular conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb), where DMEDO-TTF is dimethyl­(ethylenedioxy)­tetrathiafulvalene, undergo characteristic structural transitions in the range of 130–195 K for the PF₆ salt and 222–242 K for the AsF₆ salt. The dramatic structural transition is induced by the order of the ethylenedioxy moiety, and the resulting anion rotation leads to the reconstruction of the H···F interaction between the methyl groups and the anions. The unique hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the transition. As a result, the molecular packing is rearranged entirely; the high-temperature molecular stacks with an ordinary quasi-triangular molecular network transforms to a quasi-square-like network, which has never been observed among organic conductors. Nonetheless, the low-temperature phase exhibits a good metallic conductivity as well, so the transition is a metal–metal (MM) transition. The resistivity measured along the perpendicular direction to the conducting <i>ac</i>-plane (ρ_⊥) and the calculation of the Fermi surface demonstrate that the high-temperature metal phase is a one-dimensional metal, whereas the low-temperature metal phase has considerable interchain interaction. In the SbF₆ salt, a similar structural transition takes place around 370 K, so that the quasi-square-like lattice is realized even at room temperature. Despite the largely different MM transition temperatures, all these salts undergo metal–insulator (MI) transitions approximately at the same temperature of 50 K. The low-temperature insulator phase is nonmagnetic, and the reflectance spectra suggest the presence of charge disproportionation with small charge difference (0.14)

Coordination Complexes of Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Iridium(III) Diiodide with Tin(II) Phthalocyanine and Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Iridium(II) Halide with Fullerene C₆₀^– Anions

Synthetic approaches to iridium complexes of metal phthalocyanines (Pc) and fullerene anions have been developed to give three types of complexes. The compound­{(Cp*Ir^IIII₂)­Sn^IIPc­(2−)}·2C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>1</b>) (Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) is the first crystalline complex of a metal phthalocyanine in which an iridium­(III) atom is bonded to the central tin­(II) atom of Pc via a Sn–Ir bond length of 2.58 Å. In (TBA⁺)­(C₆₀^•–)­{(Cp*Ir^IIII₂)­Sn^IIPc­(2−)}·0.5C₆H₁₄ (<b>2</b>), the {(Cp*Ir^IIII₂)­Sn^IIPc­(2−)} units cocrystallize with (TBA⁺)­(C₆₀^•–) to form double chains of C₆₀^•– anions and closely packed chains of {(Cp*Ir^IIII₂)­Sn^IIPc­(2−)}. Interactions between the fullerene and phthalocyanine subsystems are realized through π–π stacking of the Cp* groups of {(Cp*Ir^IIII₂)­Sn^IIPc­(2−)} and the C₆₀^•– pentagons. Furthermore, the spins of the C₆₀^•– are strongly antiferromagnetically coupled in the chains with an exchange interaction <i>J</i>/<i>k</i>_B = −31 K. Anionic (TBA⁺)­{(Cp*Ir^IICl)­(η²-C₆₀^–)}·1.34C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>3</b>) and (TBA⁺)­{(Cp*Ir^III)­(η²-C₆₀^–)}·1.3C₆H₄Cl₂·0.2C₆H₁₄ (<b>4</b>) are the first transition metal complexes containing η²-bonded C₆₀^– anions, with the Cp*Ir^IICl and Cp*Ir^III units η²-coordinated to the 6–6 bonds of C₆₀^–. Magnetic measurements indicate diamagnetism of the {(Cp*Ir^IICl)­(η²-C₆₀^–)} and {(Cp*Ir^III)­(η²-C₆₀^–)} anions due to the formation of a coordination bond between two initially paramagnetic Cp*Ir^IICl or Cp*Ir^III groups and C₆₀^•– units. DFT calculations support a diamagnetic singlet ground state of <b>4</b>, in which the singlet–triplet energy gap is greater than 0.8 eV. DFT calculations also indicate that the C₆₀ molecules are negatively charged

Structural Transitions from Triangular to Square Molecular Arrangements in the Quasi-One-Dimensional Molecular Conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb)

A series of quasi-one-dimensional molecular conductors (DMEDO-TTF)₂XF₆ (X = P, As, and Sb), where DMEDO-TTF is dimethyl­(ethylenedioxy)­tetrathiafulvalene, undergo characteristic structural transitions in the range of 130–195 K for the PF₆ salt and 222–242 K for the AsF₆ salt. The dramatic structural transition is induced by the order of the ethylenedioxy moiety, and the resulting anion rotation leads to the reconstruction of the H···F interaction between the methyl groups and the anions. The unique hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in the transition. As a result, the molecular packing is rearranged entirely; the high-temperature molecular stacks with an ordinary quasi-triangular molecular network transforms to a quasi-square-like network, which has never been observed among organic conductors. Nonetheless, the low-temperature phase exhibits a good metallic conductivity as well, so the transition is a metal–metal (MM) transition. The resistivity measured along the perpendicular direction to the conducting <i>ac</i>-plane (ρ_⊥) and the calculation of the Fermi surface demonstrate that the high-temperature metal phase is a one-dimensional metal, whereas the low-temperature metal phase has considerable interchain interaction. In the SbF₆ salt, a similar structural transition takes place around 370 K, so that the quasi-square-like lattice is realized even at room temperature. Despite the largely different MM transition temperatures, all these salts undergo metal–insulator (MI) transitions approximately at the same temperature of 50 K. The low-temperature insulator phase is nonmagnetic, and the reflectance spectra suggest the presence of charge disproportionation with small charge difference (0.14)

Charge and Structural Dynamics in Photoinduced Phase Transition of (EDO-TTF)₂PF₆ Examined by Picosecond Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy

Using time-resolved near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and time-resolved mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy, we studied photoinduced phase transition of the charge-ordered insulating phase in a charge-transfer complex (EDO-TTF)₂PF₆ (EDO-TTF: ethylenedioxy-tetrathiafulvalene) in the hundred picosecond range after photoexcitation. The temporal profiles at 0.83–1.03 eV, which are a characteristic of the photoinduced charge-disproportionate phase immediately after photoexcitation, suggested the formation of a new metastable phase in the hundred picosecond range. Time-resolved vibrational spectra at 1300–1700 cm^–1, where charge- and structure-sensitive CC stretching vibrational modes are located, elucidated that the nature of the new phase is very close to that of the high-temperature metallic phase and it takes about 100 ps for the new phase to emerge accompanied with charge and structure fluctuation