Toward Low‐Temperature Zinc‐Ion Batteries: Strategy, Progress, and Prospect in Vanadium‐Based Cathodes

Low-temperature vanadium-based zinc ion batteries (LT-VZIBs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their excellent theoretical specific capacities, low cost, and electrochemical structural stability. However, low working temperature surrounding often results in retarded ion transport not only in the frozen aqueous electrolyte, but also at/across the cathode/electrolyte interface and inside cathode interior, significantly limiting the performance of LT-VZIBs for practical applications. In this review, a variety of strategies to solve these issues, mainly including cathode interface/bulk structure engineering and electrolyte optimizations, are categorially discussed and systematically summarized from the design principles to in-depth characterizations and mechanisms. In the end, several issues about future research directions and advancements in characterization tools are prospected, aiming to facilitate the scientific and commercial development of LT-VZIBs

Interfacial “Single‐Atom‐in‐Defects” Catalysts Accelerating Li + Desolvation Kinetics for Long‐Lifespan Lithium‐Metal Batteries

The lithium-metal anode is a promising candidate for realizing high-energy-density batteries owing to its high capacity and low potential. However, several rate-limiting kinetic obstacles, such as the desolvation of Li+ solvation structure to liberate Li$^+$, Li$^0$ nucleation, and atom diffusion, cause heterogeneous spatial Li-ion distribution and fractal plating morphology with dendrite formation, leading to low Coulombic efficiency and depressive electrochemical stability. Herein, differing from pore sieving effect or electrolyte engineering, atomic iron anchors to cation vacancy-rich Co$_{1−xS}$ embedded in 3D porous carbon (SAFe/CVRCS@3DPC) is proposed and demonstrated as catalytic kinetic promoters. Numerous free Li ions are electrocatalytically dissociated from the Li$^+$ solvation complex structure for uniform lateral diffusion by reducing desolvation and diffusion barriers via SAFe/CVRCS@3DPC, realizing smooth dendrite-free Li morphologies, as comprehensively understood by combined in situ/ex situ characterizations. Encouraged by SAFe/CVRCS@3DPC catalytic promotor, the modified Li-metal anodes achieve smooth plating with a long lifespan (1600 h) and high Coulombic efficiency without any dendrite formation. Paired with the LiFePO$_4$ cathode, the full cell (10.7 mg cm$^{−2}$) stabilizes a capacity retention of 90.3% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C, signifying the feasibility of using interfacial catalysts for modulating Li behaviors toward practical applications

Brigatinib causes tumor shrinkage in both NF2-deficient meningioma and schwannoma through inhibition of multiple tyrosine kinases but not ALK

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant genetic syndrome caused by mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene resulting in multiple schwannomas and meningiomas. There are no FDA approved therapies for these tumors and their relentless progression results in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Through a combination of high throughput screens, preclinical in vivo modeling, and evaluation of the kinome en masse, we identified actionable drug targets and efficacious experimental therapeutics for the treatment of NF2 related schwannomas and meningiomas. These efforts identified brigatinib (ALUNBRIG®), an FDA-approved inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases including ALK, to be a potent inhibitor of tumor growth in established NF2 deficient xenograft meningiomas and a genetically engineered murine model of spontaneous NF2 schwannomas. Surprisingly, neither meningioma nor schwannoma cells express ALK. Instead, we demonstrate that brigatinib inhibited multiple tyrosine kinases, including EphA2, Fer and focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1). These data demonstrate the power of the de novo unbiased approach for drug discovery and represents a major step forward in the advancement of therapeutics for the treatment of NF2 related malignancies

The impact of trade liberalisation on income distribution in China

While poverty has been declining with strong income growth, China’s income distribution has deteriorated in recent years. Trade policy has been advocated to address income disparities, especially those between rural and urban households. Using a computable general equilibrium model, this paper analyses the impact of trade policy on incomes of different households. Particular attention is given to the various non-farm sources of incomes for rural and urban factor markets

China's Financial Fragility and Policy Responses

This article discusses the problems facing China in the wake of the Asian financial crisis. Chinas has so far (September 1998) avoided devaluation of its currency, but growth has slowed down and much more economic reform is needed, especially of the fragile banking system. The article focuses on China's financial fragility and outlines the required policy measures. Copyright Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management, The Australian National University and Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1998.

Promote Product Reviews of High Quality on E-commerce Sites

With the community of online reviewers growing rapidly, we find it increasingly difficult to digest all the information within a limited time. Users’ requirements raise an interesting problem not well studied yet: how to discover the high quality product reviews? We believe a good solution will provide at least two types of benefit: 1) Rank reviews in terms of their quality. This could improve user experience by enabling them to learn more with a few detailed high-quality reviews instead of review outlines of irrelevant content and spam. 2) Automatically summarize user opinions. Researchers have studied this problem for years and are trying to assist users in getting the main products information concepts more efficiently. With this respect, low-quality content will definitely degrade the accuracy performance of any algorithm on this task. For the purpose of quality prediction, previous research thoroughly examined various properties of product reviews based on their content. Although some promising results have been obtained, we believe there is still room for improvement. Overall, we explore the topic of review quality from two aspects: 1) to filter out noisy data. Here we leverage classification techniques to differentiate real product reviews from other types of reviews and spam. Indeed many articles that fall under the label “product reviews” really belong to three groups: product reviews, feedback for retailers, and commercial spam. The empirical results show that this research could be put into practice with sufficient training data. 2) To assess the quality of a review we also take into consideration another information resource: the behavior of a review author in an e-commerce community. Our requirement is that after the noise filtering step, all product reviews must be ranked according to their quality. The common methods for this type of task are usually based solely on the analysis of the text of the review. By contrast, we performed a high-level analysis on two kinds of data: product reviews and deal transactions. An interesting finding reveals that review quality is not only related to their content, but can also be derived from the behavior of the review author. Therefore, in order to inspect review quality from the perspectives of human credibility and expertise, we consider the following three features: the author personal reputation, the “seller degree” that reflects if the author is also a seller, and the “expertise degree”. Our experiments show that the addition of these features increase the performance of the review quality ranking. Furthermore, we propose an evolving model given the above observations. The model is able to generate the basic characteristics of the review community, especially when the above three features are taken into consideration. In addition, the model could help us make more reasonable predictions for concerning the evolution of the review community. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/pajais/vol2/iss3/5