СЕЛЕВОЕ СОБЫТИЕ 2014 ГОДА И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА АККУМУЛЯЦИЮ ТВЕРДОЙ ФРАКЦИИ ВОДОКАМЕННОГО СЕЛЯ В РУСЛЕ РЕКИ КЫНГАРГА, ТУНКИНСКАЯ ДОЛИНА, ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЕ ПРИБАЙКАЛЬЕ

On 28 June 2014, debris flows brought large volumes of loose material into the Kyngarga river valley. The material was sourced from rock collapse and rock sliding on the valley slopes and delivered mainly to the river by debris flows from the side valleys of the river basin. Our field studies and analysis of the satellite images revealed that the potential debris volume received by the river amounted to about 1×106 m3. The morphometric parameters of the Kyngarga river basin are favorable for the river-channel processes associated with floods, debris flows and waterrock flows.В результате селевых потоков в долину реки Кынгарга 28 июня 2014 года поступило большое количество рыхлого материала. Источниками материала явились обвалы, осыпи со склонов бортов долины, большую часть материала поставили в русло реки селевые потоки, сошедшие с боковых долин бассейна. В результате полевых работ и дешифрирования космоснимков установлено, что в русло реки поступил потенциальный селевой материал в объеме около 1×106 м3. Морфометрические параметры бассейна реки Кынгарга способствуют формированию русловых процессов, связанных с паводками и водокаменными селями

Human-planted alder trees as a protection against debris flows (a dendrochronological study from the Moxi Basin, Southwestern China)

Large debris flows have destroyed the infrastructure and caused the death of people living in the Moxi Basin (Sichuan Province, Southwestern China). Inhabitants of the Moxi Basin live on the flat surfaces of debris-flow fans, which are also attractive for farming. During the monsoon season debris flows are being formed above the fans. Debris flows can destroy the houses of any people liv-ing within the fan surfaces. In order to prevent the adverse effects of flows, people plant alder trees (Alnus nepalensis) at the mouths of debris flow gullies running above debris flow fans. Alders are able to capture the debris transported during flow events. Trees are well adapted to surviving in con-ditions of environmental stress connected with abrupt transport and deposition of sediment from de-bris flows. Numerous wounds, tilting and bending of alder trees caused by debris flows only very rarely cause the death of trees. By dating scars and dating the time of alder tilting (through the analy-sis of annual rings), we have determined the frequency of debris flows occurring at the mouth of the Daozhao valley. In 1980-2012 within the studied debris-flow fan and the Daozhao gully, 2 large de-bris flow events occurred (1996, 2005) and some smaller events were probably recorded every 2-3 years

CT Scanning of Structural Characteristics of Glacial Till in Moxi River Basin, Sichuan Province

Glacial till is a special soil in alpine mountainous areas, which often induces geohazards such as debris flows and landslides due to the influence of special geological environmental conditions in alpine mountainous areas. The change in the structure of glacial till is the main cause of geohazards. Glacial till structure is one of the important factors affecting the mechanical properties of soil. It can explain the mechanical phenomena of soil engineering and establish the quantitative relationship between soil structure and macro–mechanical properties. However, there are few systematic research results on its structure. For this reason, the intact glacial till in the Moxi River Basin, South of Kangding City, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garzê, Sichuan Province was taken as the research object, and the meso-structure and micro-structure of intact glacial till were studied using CT scanning and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The meso-structure and micro-structure images of the interior of intact glacial till were obtained and the porosity, particle shape, directivity and structural unit were analyzed. The results show that: (1) the average porosity of longitudinal and transverse sections of intact glacial till are 24.92% and 24.35%, respectively, and the difference is not significant; (2) the average circularity of the particles in the longitudinal and transverse sections is 0.836 and 0.802, respectively, and the average aspect ratio is 2.5 and 3.7, respectively. The shape of the particles in the longitudinal section is more circular than in the transverse section, and the orientation of the particles in the transverse sectional direction is more obvious; (3) the main mineral components of the glacial till sample are mica, feldspar and quartz. In the process of transportation and deposition, the mineral particles undergo different degrees of grinding, crushing and dissolution. The particles are mainly formed by calcareous cementation, and the cementation is dense. The structure is mainly a skeleton structure composed of fine particles that are wrapped or filled. These findings provide the scientific basis for highway-, railway- and hydro-power-station construction and disaster prevention and mitigation in the alpine mountainous area

Distribution and Mobility of Coseismic Landslides Triggered by the 2018 Hokkaido Earthquake in Japan

At 3:08 on 6 September 2018 (UTC +9), massive landslides were triggered by an earthquake of Mw 6.6 that occurred in Hokkaido, Japan. In this paper, a coseismic landslide inventory that covers 388 km2 of the earthquake-impacted area and includes 5828 coseismic landslides with a total landslide area of 23.66 km2 was compiled by using visual interpretations of various high-resolution satellite images. To analyze the spatial distribution and characteristics of coseismic landslides, five factors were considered: the peak ground acceleration (PGA), elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. Results show more than 87% of the landslides occurred at 100 to 200 m elevations. Slopes in the range of 10~20°are the most susceptible to failure. The landslide density of the places with peak ground acceleration (PGA) greater than 0.16 g is obviously larger than those with PGA less than 0.02 g. Compared with the number and scale of coseismic landslides caused by other strong earthquakes and the mobility of the coseismic landslides caused by the Haiyan and Wenchuan earthquakes, it was found that the distribution of coseismic landslides was extremely dense and that the mobility of the Hokkaido earthquake was greater than that of the Wenchuan earthquake and weaker than that of the Haiyuan earthquake, and is described by the following relationship: L = 18.454 ∗ H0.612. Comparative analysis of coseismic landslides with similar magnitude has important guiding significance for disaster prevention and reduction and reconstruction planning of landslides in affected areas

A Universal Landslide Detection Method in Optical Remote Sensing Images Based on Improved YOLOX

Using deep learning-based object detection algorithms for landslide hazards detection is very popular and effective. However, most existing algorithms are designed for landslides in a specific geographical range. This paper constructs a set of landslide detection models YOLOX-Pro, based on the improved YOLOX (You Only Look Once) target detection model to address the poor detection of complex mixed landslides. Wherein the VariFocal is used to replace the binary cross entropy in the original classification loss function to solve the uneven distribution of landslide samples and improve the detection recall; the coordinate attention (CA) mechanism is added to enhance the detection accuracy. Firstly, 1200 historical landslide optical remote sensing images in thirty-eight areas of China were extracted from Google Earth to create a mixed sample set for landslide detection. Next, the three attention mechanisms were compared to form the YOLOX-Pro model. Then, we tested the performance of YOLOX-Pro by comparing it with four models: YOLOX, YOLOv5, Faster R-CNN, and Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD). The results show that the YOLOX-Pro(m) has significantly improved the detection accuracy of complex and small landslides than the other models, with an average precision (AP0.75) of 51.5%, APsmall of 36.50%, and ARsmall of 49.50%. In addition, optical remote sensing images of a 12.32 km2 group-occurring landslides area located in Mibei village, Longchuan County, Guangdong, China, and 750 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images collected from the Internet were also used for landslide detection. The research results proved that the proposed method has strong generalization and good detection performance for many types of landslides, which provide a technical reference for the broad application of landslide detection using UAV

DEBRIS FLOW EVENT OF 2014 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ACCUMULATION OF THE SOLID FRACTION IN THE KYNGARGA RIVER CHANNEL, TUNKA VALLEY, SOUTHWESTERN CISBAIKALIA, RUSSIA

On 28 June 2014, debris flows brought large volumes of loose material into the Kyngarga river valley. The material was sourced from rock collapse and rock sliding on the valley slopes and delivered mainly to the river by debris flows from the side valleys of the river basin. Our field studies and analysis of the satellite images revealed that the potential debris volume received by the river amounted to about 1×106 m3. The morphometric parameters of the Kyngarga river basin are favorable for the river-channel processes associated with floods, debris flows and waterrock flows

Applicability Analysis of Potential Landslide Identification by InSAR in Alpine-Canyon Terrain—Case Study on Yalong River

Landslides occur frequently in the western mountainous areas of China, causing huge losses every year. InSAR technology can efficiently and accurately identify potential landslides and is a powerful tool for landslide hazards mitigation. However, the successful application of InSAR technology is limited by several factors, such as geometric distortion and dense vegetation, especially in the area with alpine-canyon terrain. This study investigates the applicability of InSAR observations in identifying potential landslides of the middle section of the Yalong River, which is a typical alpine-canyon terrain area. Using time-series InSAR Sentinel-1 datasets, we detect six potential landslides, which are verified and analyzed by using optical remote sensing images. Then, the applicability analysis is performed considering geometric distortion and band suitability. The results reveal that combining ascending and descending data can increase the detectable area (not in the geometric distortion) from 70% to 92.9%. The comparison of the performance of C-band and L-band data in identifying potential landslides shows that the latter is able to detect potential landslides with high vegetation coverage but it may miss the area with slight displacement. This study demonstrates the use of InSAR for potential landslide identification in alpine-canyon terrain areas and reveals its applicability, which provides a deep understanding of SAR data selection and would play an important role in the InSAR-based landslide geohazard mitigation application