197 research outputs found
Refined Edge Usage of Graph Neural Networks for Edge Prediction
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), originally proposed for node classification,
have also motivated many recent works on edge prediction (a.k.a., link
prediction). However, existing methods lack elaborate design regarding the
distinctions between two tasks that have been frequently overlooked: (i) edges
only constitute the topology in the node classification task but can be used as
both the topology and the supervisions (i.e., labels) in the edge prediction
task; (ii) the node classification makes prediction over each individual node,
while the edge prediction is determinated by each pair of nodes. To this end,
we propose a novel edge prediction paradigm named Edge-aware Message PassIng
neuRal nEtworks (EMPIRE). Concretely, we first introduce an edge splitting
technique to specify use of each edge where each edge is solely used as either
the topology or the supervision (named as topology edge or supervision edge).
We then develop a new message passing mechanism that generates the messages to
source nodes (through topology edges) being aware of target nodes (through
supervision edges). In order to emphasize the differences between pairs
connected by supervision edges and pairs unconnected, we further weight the
messages to highlight the relative ones that can reflect the differences. In
addition, we design a novel negative node-pair sampling trick that efficiently
samples 'hard' negative instances in the supervision instances, and can
significantly improve the performance. Experimental results verify that the
proposed method can significantly outperform existing state-of-the-art models
regarding the edge prediction task on multiple homogeneous and heterogeneous
graph datasets.Comment: Pre-prin
An investigation into the risk of population bias in deep learning autocontouring
Background and Purpose: To date, data used in the development of Deep Learning-based automatic contouring (DLC) algorithms have been largely sourced from single geographic populations. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of population-based bias by determining whether the performance of an autocontouring system is impacted by geographic population.Materials and methods: 80 Head Neck CT deidentified scans were collected from four clinics in Europe (n = 2) and Asia (n = 2). A single observer manually delineated 16 organs-at-risk in each. Subsequently, the data was contoured using a DLC solution, and trained using single institution (European) data. Autocontours were compared to manual delineations using quantitative measures. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test for any difference between populations. Clinical acceptability of automatic and manual contours to observers from each participating institution was assessed using a blinded subjective evaluation.Results: Seven organs showed a significant difference in volume between groups. Four organs showed statistical differences in quantitative similarity measures. The qualitative test showed greater variation in acceptance of contouring between observers than between data from different origins, with greater acceptance by the South Korean observers.Conclusion: Much of the statistical difference in quantitative performance could be explained by the difference in organ volume impacting the contour similarity measures and the small sample size. However, the qualitative assessment suggests that observer perception bias has a greater impact on the apparent clinical acceptability than quantitatively observed differences. This investigation of potential geographic bias should extend to more patients, populations, and anatomical regions in the future.</p
Efficient hybrid density functional calculation by deep learning
Hybrid density functional calculation is indispensable to accurate
description of electronic structure, whereas the formidable computational cost
restricts its broad application. Here we develop a deep equivariant neural
network method (named DeepH-hybrid) to learn the hybrid-functional Hamiltonian
from self-consistent field calculations of small structures, and apply the
trained neural networks for efficient electronic-structure calculation by
passing the self-consistent iterations. The method is systematically checked to
show high efficiency and accuracy, making the study of large-scale materials
with hybrid-functional accuracy feasible. As an important application, the
DeepH-hybrid method is applied to study large-supercell Moir\'{e} twisted
materials, offering the first case study on how the inclusion of exact exchange
affects flat bands in the magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene
Upregulation of interleukin-27 expression is correlated with higher CD4+ T cell counts in treatment of naive human immunodeficiency virus-infected Chinese
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a major global health problem and causes a huge number of deaths each year. Interleukin-27 (IL-27), which is composed of Epstein Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) protein and p28 protein, inhibits HIV replication in vitro. However, the status of IL27 and its relationship with CD4+ T cell counts in vivo in treatment-naïve HIV infected individuals has not yet investigated. We recruited 108 healthy and 120 HIV-infected but treatment-naive Chinese individuals to participate this study in the last two years. We determined the IL-27 titers in all the participants by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and measured the CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals by using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) assays. We showed that IL-27 titers were significantly elevated in HIV-infected individuals as compared to HIV negative healthy controls (612 ± 355 pg/ml vs 413 ± 230 pg/ml; P < 0.001). We also showed a significant positive correlation between plasma IL-27 titers and CD4 + T cell counts (r = 0.206, P = 0.024) in HIV-infected individuals. These findings suggest that the elevated plasma IL-27 levels may play important role in slowing down the CD4+ T cell declining in HIV-infected individuals and the process of AIDS disease
Clearance of Free Silica in Rat Lungs by Spraying with Chinese Herbal Kombucha
The effects of spraying with kombucha and Chinese herbal kombucha were compared with treatments with tetrandrine in a rat silicosis model. Silica dust (50 mg) was injected into the lungs of rats, which were then treated with one of the experimental treatments for a month. The rats were then killed and the effects of the treatments were evaluated by examining the extent and severity of the histopathological lesions in the animals’ lungs, measuring their organ coefficients and lung collagen contents, determining the dry and wet weights of their lungs, and measuring the free silica content of the dried lungs. In addition, lavage was performed on whole lungs taken from selected rats, and the numbers and types of cells in the lavage fluid were counted. The most effective treatment in terms of the ability to reduce lung collagen content and minimize the formation of pulmonary histopathological lesions was tetrandrine treatment, followed by Chinese herbal kombucha and non-Chinese herbal kombucha. However, the lavage fluid cell counts indicated that tetrandrine treatment had severe adverse effects on macrophage viability. This effect was much less pronounced for the kombucha and Chinese herbal kombucha treatments. Moreover, the free silica levels in the lungs of animals treated with Chinese herbal kombucha were significantly lower than those for any other silica-exposed group. These preliminary results indicate that spraying with Chinese herbal kombucha preparations can effectively promote the discharge of silica dust from lung tissues. Chinese herbal kombucha inhalation may thus be a useful new treatment for silicosis and other pneumoconiosis diseases
Clearance of Free Silica in Rat Lungs by Spraying with Chinese Herbal Kombucha
The effects of spraying with kombucha and Chinese herbal kombucha were compared with treatments with tetrandrine in a rat silicosis model. Silica dust (50 mg) was injected into the lungs of rats, which were then treated with one of the experimental treatments for a month. The rats were then killed, and the effects of the treatments were evaluated by examining the extent and severity of the histopathological lesions in the animals’ lungs, measuring their organ coefficients and lung collagen contents, determining the dry and wet weights of their lungs, and measuring the free silica content of the dried lungs. In addition, lavage was performed on whole lungs taken from selected rats, and the numbers and types of cells in the lavage fluid were counted. The most effective treatment in terms of the ability to reduce lung collagen content and minimize the formation of pulmonary histopathological lesions was tetrandrine treatment, followed by Chinese herbal kombucha and non‐Chinese herbal kombucha. However, the lavage fluid cell counts indicated that tetrandrine treatment had severe adverse effects on macrophage viability. This effect was much less pronounced for the kombucha and Chinese herbal kombucha treatments. Moreover, the free silica levels in the lungs of animals treated with Chinese herbal kombucha were significantly lower than those for any other silica‐exposed group. These preliminary results indicate that spraying with Chinese herbal kombucha preparations can effectively promote the discharge of silica dust from lung tissues. Chinese herbal kombucha inhalation may thus be a useful new treatment for silicosis and other pneumoconiosis diseases
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Genetically Determined Plasma Lipid Levels and Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Results from observational studies examining dyslipidemia as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been inconsistent. We evaluated the causal relationship between plasma lipids and DR using a Mendelian randomization approach. We pooled genome-wide association studies summary statistics from 18 studies for two DR phenotypes: any DR (N = 2,969 case and 4,096 control subjects) and severe DR (N = 1,277 case and 3,980 control subjects). Previously identified lipid-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms served as instrumental variables. Meta-analysis to combine the Mendelian randomization estimates from different cohorts was conducted. There was no statistically significant change in odds ratios of having any DR or severe DR for any of the lipid fractions in the primary analysis that used single nucleotide polymorphisms that did not have a pleiotropic effect on another lipid fraction. Similarly, there was no significant association in the Caucasian and Chinese subgroup analyses. This study did not show evidence of a causal role of the four lipid fractions on DR. However, the study had limited power to detect odds ratios less than 1.23 per SD in genetically induced increase in plasma lipid levels, thus we cannot exclude that causal relationships with more modest effect sizes exist
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