Hydrolyzed Tuna Meat By-Product Supplement for Juvenile Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major, and its Effect on Growth, Enzyme Activity, Plasma Parameters, and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility

A growth experiment was conducted on juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major to investigate the effect of the inclusion in fish diets, of tuna meat by-product hydrolysate which was processed through enzymatic hydrolysis using a commercially available enzyme, derived from Bacillus subtilis. Six experimental diets were formulated in the experiment. Three diets contained 50, 150 and 250 g/kg of TPM-H (tuna meat by-product hydrolysate), and two diets with the unprocessed TPM (tuna meat by-product) at an inclusion level of 50 and 250 g/kg. A control diet was formulated without any addition of the test ingredients. Treatment diets were fed ad libitum to juvenile fish with an initial average body weight of 0.81 ±0.13 g for 56 days. Results of the feeding trial suggest that the inclusion of TPM-H at 250 g/kg in fish diets improved body weight gain rate (3271.58%), feed intake (24.55 g/fish/56 days) and feed conversion efficiency (1.12) of the fish. Apparent nutrient digestibility of hydrolyzed tuna meat by-product improved compared to the unhydrolyzed ingredient. These results suggest that TPM processed as hydrolysates can be efficiently utilized by fish

Effect of Substituting Fish Oil with Camelina Oil on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, Digestibility, Liver Histology, and Antioxidative Status of Red Seabream (Pagrus major)

A 56-day feeding trial to evaluate the responses of red seabream (initial weight: 1.8 ± 0.02 g) to the substitution of fish oil (FO) with camelina oil (CO) at different ratios was conducted. The control diet formulated at 46% CP (6F0C) contained only FO without CO; from the second to the fifth diet, the FO was substituted with CO at rates of 5:1 (5F1C), 4:2 (4F2C), 3:3 (3F3C), 2:4 (2F4C), and 0:6 (0F6C). The results of the present study showed that up to full substitution of FO with CO showed no significant effect on growth variables BW = 26.2 g–28.3 g), body weight gain (BWG = 1275.5–1365.3%), specific growth rate (SGR = 4.6–4.7), feed intake (FI = 25.6–27.8), feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.0–1.1), biometric indices condition factor (CF = 2.2–2.4), hepatosomatic index (HSI = 0.9–1.1), viscerasomatic index (VSI = 7.5–9.5), and survival rates (SR = 82.2–100) with different FO substitution levels with CO. Similarly, there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) found in the whole-body composition except for the crude lipid content, and the highest value was observed in the control group (291 g/kg) compared to the other groups FO5CO1 (232 k/kg), FO4CO2 (212 g/kg), FO2CO4 (232 g/kg) and FO0CO6 (244 g/kg). Blood chemistry levels were not influenced in response to test diets: hematocrit (36–33%), glucose (Glu = 78.3–71.3 mg/dL), total protein (T-pro = 3.1–3.8 g/dL), total cholesterol (T-Chol = 196.0–241 mg/dL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN = 9.0–14.6 mg/dL), total bilirubin (T-Bil = 0.4–0.5 mg/dL), triglyceride (TG = 393.3–497.6 mg/dL), alanine aminotransferase test (ALT = 50–65.5 UL/L), aspartate aminotransferase test (AST = 38–69.3 UL/L). A remarkable modulation was observed in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the liver, as CAT and SOD values were lower with the complete FO substitution with CO (0F6C), and the highest values were observed in the control and (4F2C). This study indicates that red seabream may have the ability to maintain LC-PUFAs between tissues and diets, and CO substitution of FO could improve both lipid metabolism and oxidation resistance as well as maintain digestibility. In conclusion, dietary FO can be replaced up to 100% or 95% by CO in the diets of red seabream as long as n-3 HUFA, EPA, and DHA are incorporated at the recommended level

Efficacy of single and mix probiotic bacteria strain on growth indices, physiological condition and bio-chemical composition of juvenile amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

This study presents the effect of integrating single strain (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA)) and mix strain (Streptococcus faecalis (SF), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Bacillus mesentericus (BM)) probiotic bacteria on growth, physiologycal condition and body composition of juvenile Amberjack (initial average body weight 5.61 ± 0.11 g). Three experimental diets were formulated, the basal diet CD1 (0% probiotic supplement), diet D2 (0.2 % BA supplement, 1.59 × 108 CFU/g) and diet D3 (1% SF + LP + BM supplement, 2.86 × 108 CFU/g diet). Fifty fish were stock in each 500 L poly tank (duplicate tank per treatment) and fed the test diets for 75 days. Sampling of weights and length was conducted at 60 and 75 days, while the whole body samples were collected at the end of the feeding trial. The results showed a significantly higher condition factor (K), relatively condition factor (Kn), and a numerically high length weight relationship (LWRs) coefficient (b) for fish feed BA supplement compared to control and SF + LP + BM group. The coefficient (b) values of the allometric growth trend was improved for BA supplement with no significant difference from isometric growth coefficient (b = 3). The growth parameters, feed utilization, survival (%) and whole body composition of fish fed the test diets were not significantly altered. A numerically high mono-saturated fatty acid (MUFA) and, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio was noted in fish group fed BA supplement, suggesting an improve physiological condition of fish. This results demonstrated that integration of single strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens at 0.2 % has significantly improved physiological condition for Amberjack juvenile. Further research is recommended to determine the dietary effects of the single strain (BA) and mix strain (SF + BM + LP) on growth and health of fish

Hydrolyzed Tuna Meat By-Product Supplement for Juvenile Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major, and its Effect on Growth, Enzyme Activity, Plasma Parameters, and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility

A growth experiment was conducted on juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major to investigate the effect of the inclusion in fish diets, of tuna meat by-product hydrolysate which was processed through enzymatic hydrolysis using a commercially available enzyme, derived from Bacillus subtilis. Six experimental diets were formulated in the experiment. Three diets contained 50, 150 and 250 g/kg of TPM-H (tuna meat by-product hydrolysate), and two diets with the unprocessed TPM (tuna meat by-product) at an inclusion level of 50 and 250 g/kg. A control diet was formulated without any addition of the test ingredients. Treatment diets were fed ad libitum to juvenile fish with an initial average body weight of 0.81 ±0.13 g for 56 days. Results of the feeding trial suggest that the inclusion of TPM-H at 250 g/kg in fish diets improved body weight gain rate (3271.58%), feed intake (24.55 g/fish/56 days) and feed conversion efficiency (1.12) of the fish. Apparent nutrient digestibility of hydrolyzed tuna meat by-product improved compared to the unhydrolyzed ingredient. These results suggest that TPM processed as hydrolysates can be efficiently utilized by fish

Interactive effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on growth performance, fatty acid composition and reduction of oxidative stress in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed dietary oxidized fish oil

A study was conducted to determine the interactive effects of vitamin C (VC) and E (VE) supplementation on growth, fatty acid composition and oxidative status of Japanese flounder juveniles. Fish (initial average body weight of 1.1 ± 0.1 g) in triplicate were fed five test diets for 60 days. Control diet contained fresh fish oil (FFO, 8.9 meq/kg) with 100 mg α-tocopherol (α-Toc) equivalents/kg of VE and 500 mg ascorbic acid (AsA) equivalents/kg of VC (FFO100E/500C). The other four diets contained oxidized fish oil (OFO, 167.8 meq/kg) with varying levels of VE (mg/kg) and VC (mg/kg) (OFO100E/500C, OFO200E/500C, OFO100E/1000C and OFO200E/1000C). Fish fed FFO100E/500C and OFO100E/500C had no differences in body weight gain (BWG). However, fish fed OFO200E/1000C diet had a significantly lower BWG than FFO100E/500C. Fish fed OFO200E/500C and OFO100E/1000C showed no differences in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values compared with FFO100E/500C. Increasing the levels of VC and VE supplementation increased liver AsA and α-Toc contents, respectively. Liver α-Toc content was significantly increased with incremental dietary VC levels, indicating a sparing effect of VC on liver α-Toc content of fish. Increasing the levels of dietary VC and VE supplementations decreased concentrations of 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in fish liver. Fish fed OFO100E/500C and OFO200E/1000C diets showed higher oxidative stress condition than those fed FFO100E/500C. In conclusion, dietary VC and VE supplementation could maintain normal growth and health condition of juvenile Japanese flounder fed OFO. However, high doses of both vitamin supplements induced fish lipid peroxidation under oxidative stress condition

Effects of dietary palm oil supplements with oxidized and non-oxidized fish oil on growth performances and fatty acid compositions of juvenile Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of replacement of fresh fish oil (FFO) by palm oil (PMO) and/or oxidized fish oil (OXF) mixed with PMO on growth performances, tissue fatty acid composition and oxidative status in juvenile Japanese sea bass. A 50-day feeding trial on Japanese sea bass (average weight 1.7 g) was conducted in triplicate groups of fish fed with seven test diets containing different level of FFO and PMO at 100%FFO (10F, a positive control), 60%FFO and 40%PMO (6F4P), 40%FFO and 60%PMO (4F6P), 100%OXF (10OF), 60%OXF and 40%PMO (6OF4P), 40%OXF and 60%PMO (4OF6P) and 100%PMO (10P, a negative control), respectively. Body weight gain (BWG), specific growth rates (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), fatty acid compositions, vitamin E contents and thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS) in muscles and livers were taken at the end of a trial. Survival rates were relatively high and almost similar among all groups. There were no significant differences in BWG and SGR among 10F, 6F4P and 4F6P or 10OF, 6OF4P and 4OF6P, respectively. However, addition of OXF reduced the growth rates of fish regardless of PMO supplementation. Contents of saturates and n − 6 fatty acids in tissue increased linearly with increasing dietary PMO level. However EPA and DHA decreased gradually with higher inclusion of PMO among treatments. These results demonstrated that 50% FFO could be replaced by PMO for juvenile Japanese sea bass. Moreover, although the replacement of OXF (POV: 26 meq/kg diet) with PMO could reduce lipid peroxidation in fish intestine and muscle, it could not improve fish growth performances

Effects of dietary astaxanthin supplementation on juvenile kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus

This study evaluated the effects of chemically synthesized astaxanthin (Ax) on growth performance, survival, stress resistance, immune responses, fatty acid contents, and pigmentation of juvenile kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Six dietary levels of Ax (0, 200, 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 mg kg−1 diet) were added to a baseline diet. The feeding trial was conducted for 56 days. The results showed that juveniles fed diets supplemented with Ax exhibited better growth performance, final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) than the control group, with the best performance exhibited by in the 400 mg kg−1 diet Ax supplemented group (P

Nutritional evaluation of Nannochloropsis powder and lipid as alternative to fish oil for kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary Nannochloropsis sp. as powder or lipid on survival, growth performance and fatty acids content in Kuruma shrimp juvenile. Seven isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain in first group graded levels of Nannochloropsis powder: 0% (CON, control diet), 4% (A), 7% (B) and 10% (C) dry matter then in second group algae oil proportionally extracted (AE, BE and CE, respectively). The feeding trial was conducted for 50 days. The results showed that the substitution of fish oil (FO) with algae powder diets A, B and C significantly (P