376 research outputs found
Dynamical friction on satellite galaxies
For a rigid model satellite, Chandrasekhar's dynamical friction formula
describes the orbital evolution quite accurately, when the Coulomb logarithm is
chosen appropriately. However, it is not known if the orbital evolution of a
real satellite with the internal degree of freedom can be described by the
dynamical friction formula. We performed N-body simulation of the orbital
evolution of a self-consistent satellite galaxy within a self-consistent parent
galaxy. We found that the orbital decay of the simulated satellite is
significantly faster than the estimate from the dynamical friction formula. The
main cause of this discrepancy is that the stars stripped out of the satellite
are still close to the satellite, and increase the drag force on the satellite
through two mechanisms. One is the direct drag force from particles in the
trailing tidal arm, a non-axisymmetric force that slows the satellite down. The
other is the indirect effect that is caused by the particles remaining close to
the satellite after escape. The force from them enhances the wake caused in the
parent galaxy by dynamical friction, and this larger wake in turn slows the
satellite down more than expected from the contribution of its bound mass. We
found these two have comparable effects, and the combined effect can be as
large as 20% of the total drag force on the satellite.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, submitted to PASJ; v2: 14 pages, 13 figures,
accepted by PAS
Quality-Oriented Technical Change in Japanese Wheat Breeding
The article presents a productivity analysis of Japanese Wheat Breeding research. Given recent policy change, wheat breeders may breed high quality, i.e. high protein content, wheat. We regard breeding research as multi-output process, and examine breeding program with output distance function. Also, we will analyze the effect of gene recharge rate on breeding productivity, and withdraw the policy implication for property rights.Wheat Breeding Research, Induced Innovation, Wheat Quality, Gene Recharge, Crop Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,
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Technical structure and productivity change in the U.S. grain milling industries
The grain milling industry has undergone substantial change during the past several decades in technical as well as industry structure. This study seeks to determine how industry performance, as reflected in productivity growth, has varied since the 1950's. Productivity growth is represented primarily by its dual rate, the percentage reduction in total cost induced by technical progress. Using an econometric approach, I estimate productivity growth rates, rates of substitutability among inputs, and factor biases of technological change. Each are estimated for the short run, where the capital input is held fixed, and for the long run, where all inputs adjust optimally. I focus on five grain milling industries: flour milling, rice milling, pet foods, animal feeds, and bread baking. Results indicate the important role that capital has played in inducing productivity growth. For example, capital's shadow price has increased every year in every industry, implying the quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials. Technical change has been capital-using and, especially in recent years, material-saving
Cognitive structures of the verbs of \u27breaking\u27 and the classifiers in Japanese
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