9 research outputs found

    Interventions for healthy eating and physical activity among obese elementary schoolchildren : observing changes of the combined effects of behavioral models

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    The aim of this experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention and Physical Activity intervention programs at the end of intervention implementation in term of combined effects. The sample of this study was 21 students in Sawadeewittaya School, aged 9-11 years, who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. The dependent variables included knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating behavior, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and BMI. The study interventions were the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, and the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention Program. Each of the two interventions was created using the self-efficacy, self-control, and implementation intention principles. The sample was first implemented with the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, followed by the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. The statistical tests were descriptive statistics and One-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that: 1) after the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program; mean scores of knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and healthy eating behavior significantly increased from the baseline and BMI significantly decreased. 2) The combined effect of the SSII-Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Intervention Programs on healthy eating behavior was greater than that of the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention, but not for BMI

    āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ•āļ„āļ•āļīāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđ‰āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđŒ

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    (Development of Ability and Attitude in CreativeProblem Solving Among High School Students in The Enrichment Science ClassroomProject)Abstract Thisresearch aims to 1) study of the development of the creative problem solvingability and creative problem solving attitude of the experimental group andcontrol group before and after participation in the creative problem solvingdevelopment program; and 2) to compare the differences in the score of creativeproblem solving ability and creative problem solving attitude of theexperimental group and control group after the program participation. Theparticipants in this research consisted of the High school students inenrichment science classroom project of Loengnoktha School, Yasothon. The researchinstruments were creative problem solving development program, the creativeproblem solving ability test and the creative problem solving attitudequestionnaire. The research design was Randomized control group pretestposttest design. The data were analyzed using average, standard deviation,Dependent and Independent sample t-test. After participation in the creativeproblem solving development program, the results showed that;1)The creativeproblem solving ability, and the attitude toward creative problem solving  of the experimental group was statisticallyhigher than before participation at the .05 level and 2)The creative problemsolving gain score, and the attitude toward creative problem solving of the experimentalgroup was statistically higher than that of the control group at the .005 level                         Keywords: Creativeproblem solving, Attitude, Enrichment science classroom student

    Microsoft Word - 0 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļē JBS

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    The aim of this experimental research was to examine the effectiveness of the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention and Physical Activity intervention programs at the end of intervention implementation in term of combined effects. The sample of this study was 21 students in Sawadeewittaya School, aged 9-11 years, who met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate in the study. The dependent variables included knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating behavior, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and BMI. The study interventions were the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, and the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention Program. Each of the two interventions was created using the self-efficacy, self-control, and implementation intention principles. The sample was first implemented with the SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program, followed by the SSII-Physical Activity Intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows. The statistical tests were descriptive statistics and One-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that: 1) after the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention Program; mean scores of knowledge about obesity-related Type 2 diabetes, healthy eating self-efficacy, healthy eating self-control, and healthy eating behavior significantly increased from the baseline and BMI significantly decreased. 2) The combined effect of the SSII-Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Intervention Programs on healthy eating behavior was greater than that of the individual SSII-Healthy Eating Intervention, but not for BMI

    A review of patient safety in Thailand and Malaysia

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    This review explores the significance of patient safety in the two ASEAN nations of Thailand and Malaysia. It discusses the implications of upholding patient safety in the context of health care and also for developing medical tourism in both the countries. The relevance of human factors in patient safety is examined from the multi-level perspective of individuals, teams and organizations, and the overall health care systems. The article examines the research work in patient safety; with a discussion about the indigenous researches from both the countries. Further research areas are recommended that maybe of importance to both health care practitioners and researchers

    The relationships between sexual risk behaviors and general health risk behaviors among unmarried youth in Thailand

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    Objectives: The prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviors among unmarried youth in Thailand are poorly documented. The objectives of this study were to compare the differences in sexual behaviors across age groups and gender and to identify the relationships between sexual risk behaviors and general health risk behaviors among unmarried Thai youth. Methods: A population-based, nationally representative, cross-sectional survey was conducted between January and March 2013. The Thai version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire was used to collect data from 800 unmarried Thai youth. Results: Majority of the respondents (65.9%) had not engaged in any sexual risk behavior, 18.7% had engaged in 2–3 sexual risk behaviors, and only 5.5% had engaged in a single sexual risk behavior. Current sexually active youth had higher risk of participating in physical fights (odds ratio = 3.41, 95% confidence interval = 1.53–7.57), smoking cigarette (odds ratio = 4.05, 95% confidence interval = 1.89–8.67), and drinking alcohol (odds ratio = 2.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.08–4.36). Conclusion: Thai youth were more likely to be involved in multiple sexual risk behaviors than a single sexual risk behavior. Physical fighting was the strongest general health risk behavior associated with the sexual risk behaviors, followed by substance abuse

    āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•(The Effect of Classroom Goal Structure on Student’s Achievement Goals)

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ  āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ„āļ·āļ­āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ°āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™ āđāļšāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļšāļš 2x2 āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāđāļŸāļ„āđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāļŠāļĄāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ„āļ“āļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 60 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ—āļģāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‰āļĨāļēāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļˆāļēāļāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē 6 āļŠāļąāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦāđŒ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļĢāđ‡āļˆāļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ™āļīāļŠāļīāļ•āļ—āļģāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļžāļĨāļˆāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļšāļšāļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡ āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­Â Â Â Â  āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŦāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļŦāļĨāļĩāļāđ€āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡   āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļŠāļąāļĄāļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ›āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ§āļ™āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļē

    āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ‚āļāļĢāļ˜āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ :āļĄāļļāļĄāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™āđƒāļ™ (Anger in Correctional Context : An Insider’s View)

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    The objectives of this research were to understand the anger among the youth offence that occurred in the correctional context and to find the meaning of anger from the point of view of a juvenile in the correctional centre. The Developmental Research Sequence (DRS Method) of Ethnosemantic study by Spradley (1979) was used in this research. Five juveniles in the correctional centre correctional were key informants. The results showed that anger in the correctional context was caused as systematic process, started from anger causes were effected to anger, and anger was effected to anger expressing. The anger  in this context was unique because of the interpretation of the condition and the meaning given by the juvenile in the  correctional context, which depended on the inequality in social relations. The significant causes of anger were disparagement, persecution, exploitation, disturbance during strain, wrongdoing disclosure, irrational profit-sharing, antagonism, provocation and dislike. Disparagement and wrongdoing disclosure induced the highest level of anger. Keywords: anger , juvenile delinquency , correctional context, insider’s view ethnosemantic approach , DRS method

    āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ: āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē(Experience of Spirituality in Teachers: A Phenomenological Study)

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    This research had two main objectives: 1) to describe and narrate the experience of spirituality inteachers who received awards from the ideological and spiritual teacher project and 2) tounderstand the process of development of spirituality among teachers who were awarded. Thiswas a phenomenology study using the Empirical existential-phenomenology of Amedeo Giorgi.Key Informants in this study were 3 teachers who are in service teachers and received awards bythe Office of Basic Education for being ideological and spiritual teacher. The method used waspurposive sampling. In addition, 15 secondary key informants were selected for interviewing witha view to support information.The study results showed core structure, which is the essence of the experience of teacherspirituality included of 3 stages: 1) The development of teacher spirituality is related to thedevelopment of five themes, including a model of teacher spirituality, incentives to enter teaching,experience in coping and facing difficult conditions in life, relationship between teacher and pupil,and basic psychological features. 2) Being a teacher who has spirituality is an emerging of themental state and behavior of spirituality within the person himself. The meaning of “Being aspiritual teacher” includes awareness of being a teacher and practice as a teacher with the goal ofworking for children, and treat them with love and compassion. 3) The sustaining of teacherspirituality is founded to be composed of happiness and pride, relationship between teacher andpupil, and faith on individuals who believe in the value of the homeland.Keywords: spiritual teachers’ experience, teacher spiritual, the spiritual development process,phenomenologyāļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļļāļ”āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļšāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļĢāļđāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĨāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļĢāļđ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāđƒāļˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļĢāļđāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĨāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļĢāļđāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē-āļ­āļąāļ•āļ–āļīāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļ™āļ§āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Amedeo Giorgi āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļĢāļđāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĒāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļĨāđƒāļ™āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļĢāļ­āļĒāđ€āļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļ•āļīāļĒāļĻāļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 3 āļ„āļ™ āļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļĢāļ­āļ‡ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 15 āļ„āļ™ āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ­āļąāļ™āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļāđˆāļ™āļŠāļēāļĢāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļš 3 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ„āļĢāļđāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ5 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļšāļšāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“ āđāļĢāļ‡āļˆāļđāļ‡āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļžāļ„āļĢāļđ āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļœāļŠāļīāļāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļēāļāļĨāļģāļšāļēāļ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļđāļāļąāļšāļĻāļīāļĐāļĒāđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļļāļ“āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļē 2) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ “āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļĢāļđāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļ§āļīāļ–āļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĄāļ•āļ•āļē 3) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļ„āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ„āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļˆāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāļ„āđ‰āļģāļˆāļļāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ 4 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ āļēāļ„āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđƒāļˆ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļđāļāļąāļšāļĻāļīāļĐāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļœāđˆāļ™āļ”āļīāļ™āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļđāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“ āļˆāļīāļ•āļ§āļīāļāļāļēāļ“āļ„āļĢāļđ āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļđ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒ
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