Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Secondary Market Ticket Price, Attendance Demand, And Fan’s Willingness to Pay: National Football League (NFL)

This study explores how coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected secondary market ticket prices, the number of attendees, and fans’ willingness to pay in the National Football League (NFL). The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the sport industry, affecting everything from the scheduling and delivery of games to the financial health of teams, leagues, and related businesses. One of the most visible impacts of the pandemic has been the suspension, delay, and cancellation of many sporting events, including entire seasons of some professional sport leagues. Sporting events require large gatherings of people in close proximity, which is precisely the opposite of what is needed to control the spread of the virus. The pandemic has also led to the closure of sports venues, training facilities, and other sports-related businesses, leading to significant financial losses. In addition to the postponement or cancellation of events, the pandemic has also affected how sporting events were disclosed to fans. Many events were held without fans in attendance or with limited-capacity crowds. Therefore, amid disease threats, examining the secondary ticket market, attendance demand, and willingness to pay is important: fan demand and willingness to pay concerning updated marketing and ticket pricing policies can influence revenue generation in sport. Two types of data observations were collected for this study: primary and secondary. Specifically, secondary market ticket prices and the number of attendees for each game were collected during NFL 2022 season to investigate the impact of COVID-19 health risks on ticket prices and attendance demand. Also, the survey was designed to understand NFL fans’ willingness to pay for tickets amid the pandemic. A multilevel regression model analysis was adopted due to the nested structure of the data, involving secondary data such as ticket prices and the number of attendees. Also, structural equation modeling analysis was utilized to investigate NFL fans’ willingness to pay. The results show that when secondary market sellers’ ticket prices significantly reflected COVID-19 deaths, NFL fans considered COVID-19 cases whether they attended a game or not. Also, team performance predictors are a significant consideration for price and attendance demand determinations. Although the risk attitude of COVID-19 directly explained fans’ willingness to pay (WTP) for additional safety in the stadium, willingness to pay for a ticket does not have a significant relationship with willingness to pay for higher safety measures. However, WTP was significantly related to past spending on NFL game tickets. Overall, this study found that COVID-19 health risks (i.e., COVID-19 cases and deaths) explain ticket prices in the secondary market and the number of attendees in the NFL. Also, the results uncovered fans’ willingness to pay for higher safety services amid the pandemic that is related to the COVID-19 surcharge

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Department of Chemical EngineeringHere, the synthetic methods of luminous quantum dots (QDs) and their application for the quantum dot light emitting device (QLED) were introduced. This dissertation composed for the two parts, the metal nitride QDs synthesis, characterization and their application for QLEDs with the perovskite QDs (PeQDs) synthesis, surface treatment, and their application for the PeQLEDs. Normally, the Cd and Pb chalcogenide semiconductors utilized as the QDs materials. However, the Cd and Pb were regulated from many countries. For the replacement of the Cd and Pb based QDs, the heavy metal free materials demanded for the next generation QDs. From this necessity, the metal nitride chosen as the next-generation eco-friendly QDs materials. Also, the metal nitride QDs utilized for the III-V QDs research as a model system. The combination of the metal and nitrogen precursors focused for the finding the novel synthetic routs of the metal nitride QDs. The metal nitride had prominent stability with optoelectronic properties. However, the synthetic methods of the metal nitride not yet optimized from the low reactivity of the nitrogen sources. Normally, the NH3 gas utilized for the metal nitride material synthesis, but this gas phase precursor had hardness for the exact quantization of the ligand quantity. Also, the complex synthetic pathway with low optoelectronic quality of the conventional colloidal metal nitride QDs hindered general usage of the metal nitride nanomaterials for optoelectronic applications, especially QLEDs. The conventional QDs, which composed for the metal chalcogenide or pnictide, had liquid or solid phase anion precursors. For correct of these problems for the synthesis of the metal nitride, the solid state and/or liquid state nitrogen sources utilized for replacing the gas phase NH3 source. For the band gap control of the metal nitride QDs, the quantum confinement effect, host-guest energy transfer, and the metal alloy ratio control were utilized. From these approaches, the red to blue emitting metal nitride colloidal QDs realized via simple wet-chemical methods. Also, the metal nitride QLED was firstly realized from above luminous colloidal metal nitride QDs. Secondly, the CsPbX3 PeQDs synthesized and their surface treatment methods developed for the optimization of the photoemission properties. The PeQDs had weak binding strength between the surface binding ligand and the PeQDs. From weak binding strength, the surface binding ligand easily detached from the surface of the PeQDs. Striping of the surface binding ligands induced surface defect sites, and these surface defects caused the non-radiative recombination. For the correct of this issue, the ligand assisted post treatment (LAPT) and the ligand assisted solubility adjustment (LASA) methods developed for the preventing of ligand diffusing out tendency. Firstly, long chain ligand added for colloidal PeQDs solution for reducing diffusion rate of the surface binding ligand. This long chain ligand adding pathway called LAPT. For removing excess ligands with reducing the internal resistance of the PeQDs film, aromatic short chain ligands utilized for surface treatment of the PeQDs under solution and/or film state. The short chain ligand passivation served slower diffusion rate and shorter particle to particle distance than pristine ligand condition. From these above properties, the aromatic short chain ligand treatment realized for optimization of the PeQLEDs performance via reducing surface defect with internal resistance of the photoactive layer. This short chain ligand based surface treatment pathway called LASA. From these approach, the optoelectronic properties of the PeQDs and PeQLEDs improved via simple surface treatment for the PeQDs. For the deep study of the colloidal QDs synthesis and application, the metal nitride QDs and the PeQDs utilized as model system. From this interdisciplinary research of the synthesis and the device application of the QDs, this dissertation could find and the correct of the various issues of the QDs as described in this dissertation.ope

State complexity of Kleene-star operations on regulat tree languages

The concatenation of trees can be defined either as a sequential or a parallel operation, and the corresponding iterated operation gives an extension of Kleene-star to tree languages. Since the sequential tree concatenation is not associative, we get two essentially different iterated sequential concatenation operations that we call the bottom-up star and top-down star operation, respectively. We establish that the worst-case state complexity of bottom-up star is (n + 3/2) · 2 n−1. The bound differs by an order of magnitude from the corresponding result for string languages. The state complexity of top-down star is similar as in the string case. We consider also the state complexity of the star of the concatenation of a regular tree language with the set of all trees

Nondeterministic State Complexity for Suffix-Free Regular Languages

We investigate the nondeterministic state complexity of basic operations for suffix-free regular languages. The nondeterministic state complexity of an operation is the number of states that are necessary and sufficient in the worst-case for a minimal nondeterministic finite-state automaton that accepts the language obtained from the operation. We consider basic operations (catenation, union, intersection, Kleene star, reversal and complementation) and establish matching upper and lower bounds for each operation. In the case of complementation the upper and lower bounds differ by an additive constant of two.Comment: In Proceedings DCFS 2010, arXiv:1008.127