Detection and identification of huwentoxin-IV interacting proteins by biotin-avidin chemistry combined with mass spectrometry

<div><p>Background : Numerous spider toxins are of interest as tools for neurophysiological research or as lead molecules for the development of pharmaceuticals and insecticides. Direct detection and identification of the interacting proteins of a spider toxin are helpful for its action-mechanism analysis and practical application. The present study employed a combinative strategy for the analysis of interacting proteins of huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV), a peptidic neurotoxin from the venom of the spiderSelenocosmia huwena.Results : HWTX-IV was first lightly labeled with biotin under the optimized mild experimental conditions and the toxin labeled with a single biotin group (monobiotinylated HWTX-IV) was demonstrated by electrophysiological experiments to retain its original bioactivity and was used in combination with far-western blotting to detect its interacting proteins. Comparative experiments indicated that some membrane proteins from rat neuromuscular junction preparations bind to monobiotinylated HWTX-IV after being transferred onto a PVDF membrane from the SDS-gel. With capillary high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, several membrane proteins with which HWTX-IV potentially interacted were identified from the preparations and then bioinformatically analyzed.Conclusions : This work has provided not only a new insight into the action mechanism of HWTX-IV but also a reference technology for the relevant researches.</p></div

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Viola prionantha (Violaceae)

Viola prionantha belongs to the family Violaceae. It has been widely used for a traditional Chinese herb in China. We determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of V. prionantha. The whole chloroplast genome was 156,501 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 26,404 bp, each, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,689 bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,004 bp. We annotated 131 genes, including 84 coding sequences, 8 rRNA sequences, 37 tRNA sequences, and 2 pesudogenes. Among the annotated genes Phylogenetic analysis revealed that V. prionantha and Viola seoulensis clustered together as sisters

Complete chloroplast genome sequence of the Amygdalus Nana

Amygdalus nana is the research materials, and we used the Illumina HiSeq X Ten system to do sequencing, and used the complete chloroplast genomes of 12 species to constructed thephylogenetic tree. The results showed that the complete chloroplast genome of the A. nana was 158,596 bp in length, containing a largen single copy (LSC) region of 86,608 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,998 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) region of 26,411 bp. The genome has a GC content of 36.7%. The LSC, SSC, and IR regions represent 54.61, 11.98, and 33.31% of the A. nana chloroplast genome length respectively. We annotated 130 genes, including 85 protein coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. And the phylogenetic analysis suggested that the A. nana is closely related to A. mongolica

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Viola prionantha (Violaceae)

Viola Prionantha belongs to the family Violaceae. It has been widely used for a traditional Chinese herb with antibacterial activity and is grown as an early spring ornamental species in China. In this study, we determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of V. prionantha which forms a circular structure. The whole chloroplast genome was 156,501 bp in length, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 26,404 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,689 bp, and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,004 bp. We annotated 131 genes, including 84 coding sequences, 8 rRNA sequences, 37 tRNA sequences and 2 pesudogenes. Among the annotated genes, 17 genes contained one or two introns. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that V. prionantha and V. seoulensis clustered together as sisters to other Violaceae species

The complete chloroplast genome of the Amygdalus ferganensis (Rosaceae) in Xinjiang, China

Amygdalus ferganensis is a member of the family Rosaceae. In this paper, we report complete chloroplast genome sequences of A. ferganensis (Rosaceae). The results showed that A. ferganensis complete chloroplast genome comprises 158,365 bp, containing a largen single copy (LSC) region of 86,240 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 19,012 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) region of 26,386 bp. The genome has a GC content of 42.6%. The LSC, SSC, and IR regions represent 54.46, 12.01, and 33.32% of the A. ferganensis chloroplast genome length. We annotated 112 genes, including 78 protein coding genes, 4 rRNAs, and 30 tRNAs. And A. ferganensis is closely the A. persica

Complete chloroplast genome characteristics of the endangered relic plant Helianthemum songaricum (Cistaceae) in the arid region of northwestern China

Helianthemum songaricum is an ecologically important endangered relic plant species growing in the arid and semi-arid regions of northwestern China. It is also a valuable germplasm resource. Consequently, we herein report the complete H. songaricum chloroplast genome, which comprises 152,042 bp, including a large single copy (LSC) region (84,389 bp) and a small single copy (SSC) region (18,926 bp) that are separated by a pair of 24,298-bp inverted repeats (IRs). The LSC, SSC, and IR regions account for 55.50%, 12.45%, and 31.96% of the chloroplast genome, respectively. Moreover, the GC content of this genome is 36.6%. Furthermore, the 110 annotated genes consist of 75 protein-coding genes, 4 rRNAs, and 31 tRNAs. A phylogenetic tree based on 14 chloroplast genomes revealed that H. songaricum is closely related to Clematoclethra scandens and Actinidia arguta

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tribulus terrestris, an important traditional Chinese medicine

Tribulus terrestris is an important traditional medicine in China, which is widely distributed in north China. Here, the chloroplast genome sequences were detected. The chloroplast genome of T. terrestris is circular-mapping molecule of 158,184 bp in size, which consisted of a pair of inverted repeat regions of 25,842 bp each, a large single copy region of 88,878 bp, and a small single copy region of 17,622 bp. A total of 129 genes were annotated, including 37 tRNA, 8 rRNA, and 84 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed T. terrestris clustered with Krameria lanceolate and Krameria bicolor

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae)

Tussilago farfara is a member of the family Asteraceae. In this paper, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of T. farfara. The results showed that T. farfara complete chloroplast genome comprises 151,325 bp, containing a largen single copy (LSC) region of 83,370 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,273 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) region of 24,841 bp. The genome has a GC content of 37.4%. The LSC, SSC, and IR regions represent 35.5%, 30.6%, and 43.0% of the T. farfara chloroplast genome length. We annotated 132 genes, comprising 87 protein-coding genes (PCGs), eight rRNA genes, and 36 tRNA genes. A phylogenetic analysis based on 31 cpDNA genomes suggested that the T. farfara is closely related to Farfugium japonicum