Development of Scoring Standard of English Oral Test in Respects of Research and Practice

This paper aims to summarize the development of international oral test scoring standards since 1980s. The development of scoring standards for oral test mainly includes two aspects: research and practice. In the respect of research, the scoring standard of oral test has gone through three stages: “expert experience”, “practitioner cognition” and “learner development”; In terms of practice, the scoring standard of oral test can be roughly divided into three types: “native speaker”, “being able to express” and “typical characteristics”. Based on the analysis of representative research papers and typical practical cases, this paper sorts out the development of international oral test scoring standards in order to provide suggestions for the research and practice of oral test scoring standards in China

Real estate rental market: a 10-year bibliometricbased review

The real estate rental market (RERM) is considered to have an important role in the entire real estate market. It refers to a property composed of land and its buildings, including the natural resources that can be rented or leased. Previous researches show that most developed countries have experienced the historical process of passively renting, actively buying, and actively renting. Moreover, academic interest in the impact of different sectors of the RERM has been reviewed increasingly over the past decade. However, previous studies provide limited insights into a comprehensive review of the RERM. Based on a 10-year database of 790 articles collected from the Web of Science, a comprehensive literature review is presented to discover the knowledge structure of RERM using CiteSpace software. First, this study recognizes the cluster of the articles, and discusses six major clusters in detail. Next, this study has identified four research trends that emerged during the past decade. To reveal the differences between the studies in the United States (US), China and the United Kingdom (UK), this study compares their publication scales and co-word networks. Finally, this study suggests six meaningful future research directions

Personalized Music Recommendation Based on Style Type

As Internet industry constantly develops and the computer penetration rate continues to grow, the number of online music platforms and music users has been able to increase year by year. With that comes more music choices, information overload has become a very prominent problem. Therefore, how to make users choose their favorite music more conveniently is one of the most challenging problems faced by online music recommendation systems. This paper bases on the existing recommendation system research and uses the collaborative filtering algorithm, proposes a music recommendation method from three perspectives: user attributes, music types and time migration. It is found that the online music recommendation from these three perspectives has a good effect, which can provide a reference for the construction of the current online music recommendation system and is also helpful to platform management practice

Magnetic anisotropy in hole-doped superconducting Ba 0.67K 0.33Fe 2As2 probed by polarized inelastic neutron scattering

We use polarized inelastic neutron scattering (INS) to study spin excitations of optimally hole-doped superconductor Ba$_{0.67}$K$_{0.33}$Fe$_2$As$_{2}$ ($T_c=38$ K). In the normal state, the imaginary part of the dynamic susceptibility, $\chi^{\prime\prime}(Q,\omega)$, shows magnetic anisotropy for energies below $\sim$7 meV with c-axis polarized spin excitations larger than that of the in-plane component. Upon entering into the superconducting state, previous unpolarized INS experiments have shown that spin gaps at $\sim$5 and 0.75 meV open at wave vectors $Q=(0.5,0.5,0)$ and $(0.5,0.5,1)$, respectively, with a broad neutron spin resonance at $E_r=15$ meV. Our neutron polarization analysis reveals that the large difference in spin gaps is purely due to different spin gaps in the c-axis and in-plane polarized spin excitations, resulting resonance with different energy widths for the c-axis and in-plane spin excitations. The observation of spin anisotropy in both opitmally electron and hole-doped BaFe$_2$As$_2$ is due to their proximity to the AF ordered BaFe$_2$As$_2$ where spin anisotropy exists below $T_N$.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

MACE: A Flexible Framework for Membership Privacy Estimation in Generative Models

In this work, we formally study the membership privacy risk of generative models and propose a membership privacy estimation framework. We formulate the membership privacy risk as a statistical divergence between training samples and hold-out samples, and propose sample-based methods to estimate this divergence. Unlike previous works, our proposed metric and estimators make realistic and flexible assumptions. First, we offer a generalizable metric as an alternative to accuracy for imbalanced datasets. Second, our estimators are capable of estimating the membership privacy risk given any scalar or vector valued attributes from the learned model, while prior work require access to specific attributes. This allows our framework to provide data-driven certificates for trained generative models in terms of membership privacy risk. Finally, we show a connection to differential privacy, which allows our proposed estimators to be used to understand the privacy budget 'epsilon' needed for differentially private generative models. We demonstrate the utility of our framework through experimental demonstrations on different generative models using various model attributes yielding some new insights about membership leakage and vulnerabilities of models

Sustainable Urbanism and Architectural Design: An Interdisciplinary Exploration

This academic article delves into the intersection of sustainable urbanism, architectural design, and human-computer interaction (HCI). It explores the dynamic relationships between these fields, highlighting the potential for creating more sustainable, user-centric cities through innovative design practices. By examining case studies, research findings, and emerging trends, this article provides insights into the collaborative efforts of designers, architects, and HCI experts to shape the cities of the future

Unusual double-peak specific heat and spin freezing in a spin-2 triangular lattice antiferromagnet FeAl2_{2}Se4_{4}

We report the properties of a triangular lattice iron-chalcogenide antiferromagnet FeAl$_{2}$Se$_{4}$. The spin susceptibility reveals a significant antiferromagnetic interaction with a Curie-Weiss temperature {\Theta}$_{CW}$ ~ -200K and a spin-2 local moment. Despite a large spin and a large |{\Theta}$_{CW}$|, the low-temperature behaviors are incompatible with conventional classical magnets. No long-range order is detected down to 0.4K. Similar to the well-known spin-1 magnet NiGa$_{2}$S$_{4}$, the specific heat of FeAl$_{2}$Se$_{4}$ exhibits an unusual double-peak structure and a T$^{2}$ power law at low temperatures, which are attributed to the underlying quadrupolar spin correlations and the Halperin-Saslow modes, respectively. The spin freezing occurs at ~ 14K, below which the relaxation dynamics is probed by the ac susceptibility. Our results are consistent with the early theory for the spin-1 system with Heisenberg and biquadratic spin interactions. We argue that the early proposal of the quadrupolar correlation and gauge glass dynamics may be well extended to FeAl$_{2}$Se$_{4}$. Our results provide useful insights about the magnetic properties of frustrated quantum magnets with high spins.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

The predictive value of T-cell chimerism for disease relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

IntroductionChimerism is closely correlated with disease relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). However, chimerism rate is dynamic changes, and the sensitivity of different chimerism requires further research.MethodsTo investigate the predictive value of distinct chimerism for relapse, we measured bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), and T-cell (isolated from BM) chimerism in 178 patients after allo-HSCT.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that T-cell chimerism was more suitable to predict relapse after allo-HSCT compared with PB and BM chimerism. The cutoff value of T-cell chimerism for predicting relapse was 99.45%. Leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) relapse patients’ T-cell chimerism was a gradual decline from 2 months to 9 months after allo-HSCT. Higher risk of relapse and death within 1 year after allo-HSCT. The T-cell chimerism rates in remission and relapse patients were 99.43% and 94.28% at 3 months after allo-HSCT (P = 0.009), 99.31% and 95.27% at 6 months after allo-HSCT (P = 0.013), and 99.26% and 91.32% at 9 months after allo-HSCT (P = 0.024), respectively. There was a significant difference (P = 0.036) for T-cell chimerism between early relapse (relapse within 9 months after allo-HSCT) and late relapse (relapse after 9 months after allo-HSCT) at 2 months after allo-HSCT. Every 1% increase in T-cell chimerism, the hazard ratio for disease relapse was 0.967 (95% CI: 0.948–0.987, P<0.001).DiscussionWe recommend constant monitoring T-cell chimerism at 2, 3, 6, and 9 months after allo-HSCT to predict relapse

Clinical Syndromes and Genetic Screening Strategies of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that originate from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, and paragangliomas (PGLs) are extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. These can be mainly found in clinical syndromes including multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome, neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1) and familial paraganglioma (FPGL). PCCs and PGLs are thought to have the highest degree of heritability among human tumors, and it has been estimated that 60% of the patients have genetic abnormalities. This review provides an overview of the clinical syndrome and the genetic screening strategies of PCCs and PGLs. Comprehensive screening principles and strategies, along with specific screening based on clinical symptoms, biochemical tests and immunohistochemistry, are discussed