The need to establish a workable, modern and institutionalized commercial arbitration in Ethiopia

Ethiopia overhauled its arbitration laws with the enactment of the Civil Code and Civil Procedure Code as of 1960 and 1965 respectively. It also puts these laws in to practice on commercial disputes for more than half a century. However, these arbitration laws are sketchy and do not cope with the emerging modern laws and practices in international commercial arbitration. As a result, Ethiopia is not gifted with workable, modernized and institutionalized commercial arbitration. It stands to the rear of commercial arbitration which is underpinned in diverse legal systems, used widely by many participants and acknowledged as relevant dispute resolution, particularly on commercial matters in many jurisdictions. Commercial arbitration serves justice, satisfies the interest of business bodies, and more importantly, places significant impact on the economy of a country. Thus, the government and other stakeholders need to work and change the situation. This article attempts to shed lights on the contribution of effective and institutionalized commercial arbitration for the economy of Ethiopia.Keywords: Arbitration, Commercial arbitration, Commercial dispute, Economy, Ethiopia, institutionalize

Quantum Entanglement of Twin Light Beams

A detailed quantum entanglement of twin light beams with the same and different frequencies produced by the process of parametric oscillation has been presented. We have described the process of the parametric oscillation with first-order Hamiltonian regardless of whether the twin light beams have the same or different frequencies. According to our study we have the quadrature variance decreases with the amplitude of pump mode  and it approaches to the value of the quadrature variance of  a two-mode vacuum state as cavity damping constant  approaches to 1. In addition to this the degree of entanglement of the cavity modes for the system under consideration increase with the amplitude of the pump mode  and decrease with the cavity damping constant, which implies that the degree of entanglement of twin light beams decreases as quadrature variances approaches to that of a two-mode vacuum state. Keywords: Quadrature Variance, Entanglemen

Food security status and its determinants among rural households of Tach Gaint District, North West Ethiopia

Food security is a challenge facing all countries, especially those in Sub-Sahara Africa. Ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition are the Nations’ 2030 core goals which Ethiopia is striving to attain. Therefore, assessing rural household food security contributes to this effort. Accordingly, the present study intended to investigate the determinants of rural food security at the household level in Tach Gaint district, South Gondar Zone, Amhara region. The study employed a cross-sectional research design composed of both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. It used a random sampling technique to select sample households. Household surveys, key informant interviews, and focused group discussions were conducted to collect primary data. A total of 200 households were covered by the questionnaire survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that nearly half of the sampled households were food insecure. The binary logistic regression results showed seven out of twelve explanatory variables: sex, household size, livestock number in Tropical Livestock Unit, farmland size, oxen number, age, and credit access as determinants of household food security. In conclusion, the determinants of food security are complex and call for multifaceted interventions. Such efforts should include resettling food insecure households where better land resources are available, establishing skill training centers for farming households, enhancing rural credit services ,and expanding and improving family planning services

The Mean and Variance of Photon Number for Twin Light Beams Generated by Parametric Oscillator

A detailed photon statistics of twin light beams with the same and different frequencies produced by the process of parametric oscillation has been presented. We have described the process of the parametric oscillation with first-order Hamiltonian regardless of whether the twin light beams have the same or different frequencies. According to our study we have observed that the mean photon number of the cavity mode decreases with the cavity damping constant increase, which implies that the more photons are escaped from the cavity for the large damping constant and the mean photon number of residue pump mode increases with the amplitude of pump mode

Ethiopian Coffee Trade Pattern: an Augmented Gravity Modeling Approach

This study assessed the coffee trade pattern of Ethiopia for a period of 16 years from 1997-2011 for 36 importing countries, which implies that the data were panel. The data became panel type by having a one year gap and result to have 8 years. In the study, policies undertaken by the different regimes in relation to export policies were assessed. There was consideration of the importing capacity of the countries and successiveness of their importing condition for considering the countries as a sample. We used gravity model to identify the degree to which how the power of importer and exporter nations affect the coffee trade of Ethiopia. We explored different tests in order to select the appropriate model to regress the gravity model. As of those tests, the research had adopted the random effect regression system to regress the gravity model. The model result revealed that the model is strong enough to explain the variation in the dependent variable. The result also exhibited that the demand side variables of the coffee export of Ethiopia are significant in affecting the export value. Given this, the foreign GDP of the trade partners affect the export value of Ethiopian coffee in the positive direction and in a significant manner. This implies that each increment in GDP of the coffee trade partners of Ethiopia result into creation of additional demand for Ethiopian coffee. However, the domestic factors are not significant in affecting the supply level of the coffee export of the country. Keywords:- Coffee export, Gravity model, Panel data, Demand and Supply side factor

The Causes of Road Traffic Accidents in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

Road traffic accidents are a major global socio-economic problem, affecting all people of the world regardless of age, sex, wealth etc. This study has the major objective of assessing the causes of road traffic accident in Bahir Dar city. Both primary and secondary data sources were used. Cross-sectional survey with utilization of both qualitative and quantitative approaches was used. About 155 samples were drawn randomly from pedestrians and drivers sample groups using stratified random sampling technique. Inferential statistics was used to analyze the data and interpret the results. Step by step analyses of Binary Logistics Regression Model reveal poor pedestrians manner in giving priorities to vehicles where necessary (p–value=0.000), drivers’ irregular use of seatbelt while driving (p–value=0.009), failure of drivers in giving priorities to pedestrians as required by the law (p–value=0.045) and drivers use of excessive driving speed (p–value=0.001) as the main determining factors for the occurrence of road traffic accident in the city. With regard to the types of vehicles that commit frequent accident, motor cycles, pickups particularly those that can carry up to ten quintals, public vehicles especially those having 12 seats and taxi 1 and 2 (Bajaj and mini bus taxis) were the major and frequent accident agents. Unless immediate actions to revert the problem are taken, it will worsen in the coming future as motorization and population of the city are growing altogether. Keywords: Causes, Road Traffic Accidents, Pedestrians, Drivers, Bahir Dar, Ethiopi

Determinants and outcomes of disclosing HIV-sero positive status to sexual partners among women in Mettu and Gore towns, Illubabor Zone southwest Ethiopia

Background: Disclosing one's HIV test result to a sexual partner is an important factor in HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. Disclosure of one's HIV status enables for improved access to prevention and treatment programs provides increased opportunities for risk reduction and helps in planning for the future. An assessment of the barriers and outcomes for disclosure is necessary to enhance HIV test result disclosure among couples. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the rate, barriers and out comes of HIV positive status disclosure among sexual partners. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted in Mettu and Gore towns of Illubabor Zone, south west Ethiopia. Sixty-seven women living with HIV out of which 42(62.7%) reported to had sexual partners and were eligible for the study and were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Overall 69% of the women reported that they had shared their HIV test results with their partners. Among the women who did not disclose their HIV status 62.5% said that it was due to fear of partner’s reaction (fear of abandonment, rejection and accusation of infidelity). But 75.9 % of HIV positive women who disclosed their result reported positive partner’s reaction. Most (81.3%) women who had prior discussion about HIV and HIV testing with their partners have disclosed their results (P<0.005). Condom use was also found to be high among couples that disclosed their HIV/status than those who did not do so (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicates that the outcomes of disclosure are encouraging. The anticipated partner reactions and the reality discovered by the study were different. Therefore it is important to assure HIV-positive women that the benefits of disclosure out weigh the potential risks. A large-scale study on the subject is also recommended

Domain Expansion via Network Adaptation for Solving Inverse Problems

Deep learning-based methods deliver state-of-the-art performance for solving inverse problems that arise in computational imaging. These methods can be broadly divided into two groups: (1) learn a network to map measurements to the signal estimate, which is known to be fragile; (2) learn a prior for the signal to use in an optimization-based recovery. Despite the impressive results from the latter approach, many of these methods also lack robustness to shifts in data distribution, measurements, and noise levels. Such domain shifts result in a performance gap and in some cases introduce undesired artifacts in the estimated signal. In this paper, we explore the qualitative and quantitative effects of various domain shifts and propose a flexible and parameter efficient framework that adapt pretrained networks to such shifts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for a number of natural image, MRI, and CT reconstructions tasks under domain, measurement model, and noise-level shifts. Our experiments demonstrate that our method provides significantly better performance and parameter efficiency compared to existing domain adaptation techniques

Staphylococcus Aureus burn wound infection among patients attending Yekatit 12 Hospital Burn unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Burns provide a suitable site for bacterial multiplication and are more persistent richer sources of infection than surgical wounds. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both community and hospital practices. The objective of this study was to address the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. aureus isolated from burn wound infections in Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. METHODS: This study was Cross-sectional, prospective study conducted from March to May 2011. Burn wound pus sample was collected by using convenient sampling method for culture and drug sensitivity tests were performed according to the WHO standards. RESULTS: Out of 114 patients, bacterial infection was observed in 95(83.3%) of which, 66 (69.5%) had S. aureus infection. Overall prevalence of S. aureus isolation was 57.8%. Most of them were sensitive to vancomycin, clindamycin, Kanamycin and Erythromycin, but highly resistant to penicillin G. All isolates were found to be multi drug resistant, and one isolate was resistant to all the tested drugs. CONCLUSION: The current study is highly important and informative for the high level of multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates in burn patients. Finally, strict consideration for s. aureus infection and proper usage of antibiotic policy are recommended in decreasing the incidence and occurrence of multidrug resistant S. aureus infections in Yekatit 12 Hospitals.Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, burn wound infection, drug sensitivityEthiopian Journal of Health Sciences vol 22 (3) 201