10 research outputs found
Biomaterial–Related Cell Microenvironment in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
An appropriate cell microenvironment is key to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Revealing the factors that influence the cell microenvironment is a fundamental research topic in the fields of cell biology, biomaterials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The cell microenvironment consists of not only its surrounding cells and soluble factors, but also its extracellular matrix (ECM) or nearby external biomaterials in tissue engineering and regeneration. This review focuses on six aspects of biomaterial–related cell microenvironments: ①chemical composition of materials, ② material dimensions and architecture, ③ material–controlled cell geometry, ④ effects of material charges on cells, ⑤ matrix stiffness and biomechanical microenvironment, and ⑥ surface modification of materials. The present challenges in tissue engineering are also mentioned, and eight perspectives are predicted
Lectin- and Saccharide-Functionalized Nano-Chemiresistor Arrays for Detection and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Infection
Improvement upon, and expansion of, diagnostic tools for clinical infections have been increasing in recent years. The simplicity and rapidity of techniques are imperative for their adoption and widespread usage at point-of-care. The fabrication and evaluation of such a device is reported in this work. The use of a small bioreceptor array (based on lectin-carbohydrate binding) resulted in a unique response profile, which has the potential to be used for pathogen identification, as demonstrated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The performance of the chemiresistive device was tested with Escherichia coli K12, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Salmonella typhi. The limits of detection, based on concanavalin A (conA) lectin as the bioreceptor, are 4.7 × 103 cfu/mL, 25 cfu/mL, 7.4 × 104 cfu/mL, and 6.3 × 102 cfu/mL. This shows that the detection of pathogenic bacteria is achieved with clinically relevant concentrations. Importantly, responses measured in spiked artificial saliva showed minimal matrix interference. Furthermore, the exploitation of the distinctive outer composition of the bacteria and selectivity of lectin-carbohydrate interactions allowed for the discrimination of bacterial infections from viral infections, which is a current and urgent need for diagnosing common clinical infections
DNA Nanostructure Sequence-Dependent Binding of Organophosphates
Understanding
the molecular interactions between small molecules
and double-stranded DNA has important implications on the design and
development of DNA and DNA–protein nanomaterials. Such materials
can be assembled into a vast array of 1-, 2-, and 3D structures that
contain a range of chemical and physical features where small molecules
can bind via intercalation, groove binding, and electrostatics. In
this work, we use a series of simulation-guided binding assays and
spectroscopy techniques to investigate the binding of selected organophosphtates,
methyl parathion, paraoxon, their common enzyme hydrolysis product <i>p</i>-nitrophenol, and double-stranded DNA fragments and DNA
DX tiles, a basic building block of DNA-based materials. Docking simulations
suggested that the binding strength of each compound was DNA sequence-dependent,
with dissociation constants in the micromolar range. Microscale thermophoresis
and fluorescence binding assays confirmed sequence-dependent binding
and that paraoxon bound to DNA with <i>K</i><sub>d</sub>’s between ∼10 and 300 μM, while methyl parathion
bound with <i>K</i><sub>d</sub>’s between ∼10
and 100 μM. <i>p</i>-Nitrophenol also bound to DNA
but with affinities up to 650 μM. Changes in biding affinity
were due to changes in binding mode as revealed by circular dichroism
spectroscopy. Based on these results, two DNA DX tiles were constructed
and analyzed, revealing tighter binding to the studied compounds.
Taken together, the results presented here add to our fundamental
understanding of the molecular interactions of these compounds with
biological materials and opens new possibilities in DNA-based sensors,
DNA-based matrices for organophosphate extraction, and enzyme–DNA
technologies for organophosphate hydrolysis
Enhancing Enzyme Activity and Immobilization in Nanostructured Inorganic–Enzyme Complexes
Understanding
the chemical and physical interactions at the interface
of protein surfaces and inorganic crystals has important implications
in the advancement of immobilized enzyme catalysis. Recently, enzyme–inorganic
hybrid complexes have been demonstrated as effective materials for
enzyme immobilization. The precipitation of phosphate nanocrystals
in the presence of enzymes creates enzyme–Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·3H<sub>2</sub>O particles with high surface-to-volume
ratios, enhanced activity, and increased stability. Here, we begin
to develop a mechanistic understanding of enzyme loading in such complexes.
Using a series of enzymes including horseradish peroxidase (HRP),
a thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhD), diaphorase, catalase,
glucose oxidase (GOx), and the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA),
we identified a correlation between particle synthesis temperature,
overall enzyme charge, and enzyme loading. The model enzyme HRP has
a high predicted pI of ∼7.5 and maintains an overall positive
charge under the synthesis conditions, phosphate buffer pH 7.4. HRP
loading in HRP–Cu<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> complexes
was enhanced by 4.2-fold when synthesis was carried out at 37 °C
in comparison with synthesis at 4 °C. HRP loading was further
enhanced with synthesis at pH 8.0, correlating with a decrease in
overall enzyme charge. Proteins with lower predicted pI values and
negative overall charge (AdhD, pI of 5.6; diaphorase, pI of 6.8; GOx,
pI of 5.2; catalase, pI of 6.9; and, BSA, pI of 5.7) exhibited higher
enzyme loadings with 4 °C synthesis, 2.7-, 2.6-, 2.5-, 1.8-,
and 1.7-fold protein loading enhancements, respectively. Using HRP
as a model system, we also demonstrate that activity increased concomitantly
with enzyme loading, and that particle nanostructure was minimally
affected by synthesis temperature. Combined, the results presented
here demonstrate the control of enzyme loading in enzyme–inorganic
particles opening up new possibilities in enzyme and multienzyme catalysis
Electronic Detection of MicroRNA at Attomolar Level with High Specificity
Small RNA (19–23 nucleotides)
molecules play an important
role in gene regulation, embryonic differentiation, hematopoiesis,
and a variety of cancers. Here, we present an ultrasensitive, extremely
specific, label-free, and rapid electronic detection of microRNAs
(miRNAs) using a carbon nanotubes field-effect transistor functionalized
with the Carnation Italian ringspot virus p19 protein biosensor. miRNA-122a
was chosen as the target, which was first hybridized to a probe molecule.
The probe-miRNA duplex was then quantified by measuring the change
in resistance of biosensor resulting from its binding to p19, which
selects 21–23 bp RNA duplexes in a size-dependent but sequence-independent
manner. The biosensor displayed a wide dynamic range up to 10<sup>–14</sup> M and was able to detect as low as 1 aM miRNA in
the presence of a million-fold excess of total RNA, paving the way
for simple, point-of-care, low-cost early detection of miRNA as a
biomarker in diagnosis of many diseases, including cancer
Tuning Enzyme Kinetics through Designed Intermolecular Interactions Far from the Active Site
Enzyme–DNA nanostructures
were designed to introduce new
substrate–enzyme interactions into their reactions, which altered
enzyme kinetics in a predictable manner. The designed enzymes demonstrate
a new strategy of enzyme engineering based on the rational design
of intermolecular interactions outside of the active site that enhance
and control enzyme kinetics. Binding interactions between tetramethylbenzidine
and DNA attached to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) resulted in a reduced
Michaelis constant (<i>K</i><sub>M</sub>) for the substrate.
The enhancement increased with stronger interactions in the micromolar
range, resulting in a 2.6 fold increase in <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>M</sub>. The inhibition effect of
4-nitrobenzoic hydrazide on HRP was also significantly enhanced by
tuning the binding to HRP–DNA. Lastly, binding of a nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NADÂ(H)) cofactor mimic, nicotinamide mononucleotide
(NMNÂ(H)), to an aldo-keto reductase (AdhD) was enhanced by introducing
NMNÂ(H)–DNA interactions