Los efectos internos de la apertura exterior de la Economía China

Hoy, con el cambio de los tiempos, la apertura al comercio de algunos países se refleja no solo en el aumento del poder económico sino también en el nivel de vida de las personas. La apertura de nuevas rutas marítimas en los siglos XV y XVI influyó en el desarrollo cultural, social y económico de Europa y de aquellos países a los que llegaban los europeos. Con la apertura de nuevas rutas marítimas, España y Portugal comenzaron a expandir sus primeras colonias y el mercado mundial comenzó a crecer fortaleciendo las relaciones comerciales entre todas las regiones del mundo. Se fue construyendo un mundo cada vez más interconectado y en el que la influencia de unos países sobre otros era cada vez mayor. Los brotes de la apertura de los países al mundo exterior también comenzaron a crecer a partir de ese momento. Entre los países que se están abriendo al mundo exterior, China es sin duda un buen ejemplo, debido a la implementación de una política de apertura, el crecimiento de China es evidente para todos en el mundo. Por lo tanto, en este documento nos centraremos en el impacto de la apertura y las reformas en China.Grado en Comerci

Análisis estadístico del sector cultural de China a nivel provincial

A lo largo de la historia y la cultura de China, el sector cultural se ha desarrollado a pasos agigantados. Con el fin de estudiar los cambios en el sector cultural de China, se analizan los datos relevantes de la última década para observar mejor la evolución de los factores culturales en sus diferentes provincias. Se ha empleado el análisis de regresión para determinar cuáles de las variables culturales estudiadas se ven afectadas por COVID. Posteriormente, se han utilizado técnicas de análisis factorial para resumir la información de las variables iniciales y se han obtenido cuatro nuevos factores: museo, riqueza, artes escénicas y gasto cultural y recintos de artes escénicas. A continuación, se ha utilizado el análisis de clúster para agrupar provincias con características similares. Este análisis agrupó las provincias de China en cinco grupos diferentes. El clúster formado por Beijing y Shanghai es el que destaca en todas las características analizadasMáster en Economía de la Cultura y Gestión Cultura

Coronary artery disease as an independent predictor of short-term and long-term outcomes in patients with type-B aortic dissection undergoing thoracic endovascular repair

Background and aimsPrevious studies reported a high prevalence of concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with Type B aortic dissection (TBAD). However, there is too limited data on the impact of CAD on prognosis in patients with TBAD. The present study aimed to assess the short-term and long-term impact of CAD on patients with acute or subacute TBAD undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 463 patients with acute or subacute TBAD undergoing TEVAR from a prospectively maintained database from 2010 to 2017. CAD was defined before TEVAR by coronary angiography. Multivariable logistic and cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between CAD and the short-term as well as long-term outcomes.ResultsAccording to the results of coronary angiography, the 463 patients were divided into the following two groups: CAD group (N = 148), non-CAD group (N = 315). In total, 12 (2.6%) in-hospital deaths and 54 (12%) all-cause deaths following a median follow-up of 48.1 months were recorded. Multivariable analysis revealed that CAD was an independent predictor of in-hospital major adverse clinical events (MACE) (odd ratio [OR], 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–5.08; p = 0.033), long-term mortality [hazard ratio (HR), 2.11, 95% CI, 1.19–3.74, P = 0.011] and long-term MACE (HR, 1.95, 95% CI, 1.26–3.02, P = 0.003). To further clarify the relationship between the severity of CAD and long-term outcomes, we categorized patients into three groups: zero-vessel disease, single-vessel disease and multi-vessel disease. The long-term mortality (9.7 vs. 14.4 vs. 21.2%, P = 0.045), and long-term MACE (16.8 vs. 22.2 vs. 40.4%, P = 0.001) increased with the number of identified stenosed coronary vessels. Multivariable analysis indicated that, multi-vessel disease was independently associated with long-term mortality (HR, 2.38, 95% CI, 1.16–4.89, P = 0.018) and long-term MACE (HR, 2.79, 95% CI, 1.65–4.73, P = 0.001), compared with zero-vessel disease.ConclusionsCAD was associated with short-term and long-term worse outcomes in patients with acute or subacute TBAD undergoing TEVAR. Furthermore, the severity of CAD was also associated with worse long-term prognosis. Therefore, CAD could be considered as a useful independent predictor for pre-TEVAR risk stratification in patients with TBAD

Gout and Diet: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Management

Gout is well known as an inflammatory rheumatic disease presenting with arthritis and abnormal metabolism of uric acid. The recognition of diet-induced systemic metabolic pathways have provided new mechanistic insights and potential interventions on gout progression. However, the dietary recommendations for gouty patients generally focus on food categories, with few simultaneous considerations of nutritional factors and systemic metabolism. It is worthwhile to comprehensively review the mechanistic findings and potential interventions of diet-related nutrients against the development of gout, including purine metabolism, urate deposition, and gouty inflammation. Although piecemeal modifications of various nutrients often provide incomplete dietary recommendations, understanding the role of nutritional factors in gouty development can help patients choose their healthy diet based on personal preference and disease course. The combination of dietary management and medication may potentially achieve enhanced treatment effects, especially for severe patients. Therefore, the role of dietary and nutritional factors in the development of gout is systematically reviewed to propose dietary modification strategies for gout management by: (1) reducing nutritional risk factors against metabolic syndrome; (2) supplementing with beneficial nutrients to affect uric acid metabolism and gouty inflammation; and (3) considering nutritional modification combined with medication supplementation to decrease the frequency of gout flares

Exploring the connections among residential location, self-selection, and driving: Propensity score matching with multiple treatments

A large number of studies have investigated the association between the built environment and travel behavior. However, most studies did not explicitly quantify the contribution of residential self-selection to the connection. Using the 2006 data collected from a regional travel diary in Raleigh, NC, this study applies propensity score matching to explore the effects of the regional location of individuals' residences on their vehicle miles driven. We found that residential location plays a more important role in affecting driving behavior than residential self-selection; and that the self-selection effect is non-trivial when we compare driving behavior between urban residents and people living in other areas. Therefore, for such comparisons, the observed influence of residential locations on driving should be appropriately discounted when we evaluate the causal impacts of the built environment on travel behavior.Land use Residential location Smart growth Transportation Treatment effect Travel behavior

Transit-oriented development: Literature review and evaluation of TOD potential across 50 Chinese cities

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely accepted in recent years as an important urban development policy. This article reviews the existing TOD literature pertinent to conditions in China, introduces TOD practices in China, and evaluates land development impacts of TOD across 50 Chinese cities that either have metro systems already or expect to have operating metro systems by 2020. The evaluation analysis contributes to the existing literature because most research on TOD in Chinese cities has focused on large, national or provincial capitals such as Beijing, Shanghai, and/or Guangzhou. Based on simulation analysis, we evaluate TOD’s land development impacts across all Chinese cities that are expected to have metro systems by 2020. Our results show that the second- as well as the third-class cities of China will have more potential for TOD implementation than the first-class cities in the next five years

SSVEP response is related to functional brain network topology entrained by the flickering stimulus.

Previous studies have shown that the brain network topology correlates with the cognitive function. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between functional brain networks that process sensory inputs and outputs. In this study, we focus on steady-state paradigms using a periodic visual stimulus, which are increasingly being used in both brain-computer interface (BCI) and cognitive neuroscience researches. Using the graph theoretical analysis, we investigated the relationship between the topology of functional networks entrained by periodic stimuli and steady state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) using two frequencies and eleven subjects. First, the entire functional network (Network 0) of each frequency for each subject was constructed according to the coherence between electrode pairs. Next, Network 0 was divided into three sub-networks, in which the connection strengths were either significantly (positively for Network 1, negatively for Network 3) or non-significantly (Network 2) correlated with the SSVEP responses. Our results revealed that the SSVEP responses were positively correlated to the mean functional connectivity, clustering coefficient, and global and local efficiencies, while these responses were negatively correlated with the characteristic path length of Networks 0, 1 and 2. Furthermore, the strengths of these connections that significantly correlated with the SSVEP (both positively and negatively) were mainly found to be long-range connections between the parietal-occipital and frontal regions. These results indicate that larger SSVEP responses correspond with better functional network topology structures. This study may provide new insights for understanding brain mechanisms when using SSVEPs as frequency tags

Effectiveness Evaluation of Low-dose Spiral Computed Tomography for Lung Cancer Screening in Minhang District of Shanghai

Background and objective Low-dose spiral computed tomography (LDCT) has been recommended for lung cancer screening in high-risk populations. However, evidence from Chinese populations was limited due to the different criteria for high-risk populations and the short-term follow-up period. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness in Chinese adults based on the Lung Cancer Screening Program in Minhang District of Shanghai initiated in 2013. Methods A total of 26,124 subjects aged 40 years or above were enrolled in the Lung Cancer Screening Program during the period of 2013 and 2017. Results of LDCT examination, and screen-detected cancer cases in all participants were obtained from the Reporting System of the Lung Cancer Screening Program. The newly-diagnosed cases and their vital status up to December 31, 2020 were identified through a record linkage with the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Shanghai Vital Statistics. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95%CI were calculated using the local population at ages of 40 or above as the reference. Proportions of early-stage cancer (stage 0-I), pathological types, and 5-year observed survival rates of lung cancer cases were estimated and compared between the cases derived from the screened and non-screened populations. Cox regression models were applied to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI of LDCT screening with all-cause death of the lung cancer cases. Results The crude and age-standardized incidence of lung cancer in screened population were 373.3 (95%CI: 343.1-406.1) and 70.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, with an SIR of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.6-1.9), which was observed to decrease with following-up time. The early-stage cancer accounted for 49.4% of all lung cancer cases derived from the screened population, significantly higher than 38.4% in cases from the non-screened population during the same period (P<0.05). The proportion of lung adenocarcinoma (40.7% vs 35.9%) and 5-year survival rate (53.7% vs 41.5%) were also significantly higher in the cases from the screened population (all P<0.05). LDCT screening was associated with 30% (HR=0.7, 95%CI: 0.6-0.8) reduced all-cause deaths of the cases. Conclusion The participants of the screening program are at high-risk of lung cancer. LDCT favors the early-detection of lung cancer and improves 5-year survival of the screened cases, indicating a great potential of LDCT in reducing the disease burden of lung cancer in Chinese populations

Synthesis and Binding Ability of Molecular Probes Based on a Phenanthroline Derivative: Theory and Experiment

A fluorescent and colorimetric molecular probe containing phenol groups has been designed and synthesized. The anion binding ability was evaluated for biolgically important anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, AcO− and H2PO4−) by theoretical investigation, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and 1H-NMR titration experiments. Results indicated the probe showed strong binding ability for H2PO4− without the interference of other anions tested and the interaction process was accompanied by color changes. Theoretical investigation analysis revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonds existed in the structure of the probe and the roles of molecular frontier orbitals in molecular interplay were determined

Source and extent of the felsic volcanic ashes at the Permian-Triassic boundary in South China

Highly correlated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB) Mass Extinction in stratigraphy, volcanic ashes around the PTB in South China have been suggested to be a likely cause of the PTB Mass Extinction. So the nature, source and extent of the volcanic ashes are significant in figuring out the cause of the PTB Mass Extinction. In this study, we attempt to constrain the source and extent of the PTB volcanic ashes in South China by studying pyroclastic sedimentary rocks and the spatial distribution of tuffs and ashes in South China. The detrital zircons of tuffaceous sandstones from the Penglaitan section yield an age spectrum peaked at 252 Ma, with 80% of zircons U-Pb ages in 235 +/- 2.7 Ma similar to 258 +/- 4.8 Ma, 11% in 260 +/- 3.2 Ma similar to 276 +/- 3.6 Ma, six in 294 +/- 5.8 Ma similar to 561 +/- 6.9 Ma, five from Proterozoic, and the oldest age is 2063 +/- 13.4 Ma. The results of epsilon(Hf) (i) values varying from -16.5 similar to 5. 0, and Nb/Hf, Th/Nb and Hf/Th ratios of detrital zircons from the Penglaitan section are similar to those from arc/orogenic-related settings. Coarse tuffaceous sandstones (0. 5 similar to 2 mm) imply that their source is in limited distance. Those pyroclastic sedimentary rocks in Penglaitan are well correlated with the PTB volcanic ashes in Meishan GSSP section in stratigraphy. In the spatial distribution, pyroclastic sedimentary rocks and tuffs distribute only in southwest of South China, while finer volcanic ashes (&lt; 0.3 mm) are mainly in the northern part. This spatial distribution suggests the source of tuffs and ashes was to the south or southwest of South China. Former studies, especially that of Permian-Triassic magmatism in Hainan Island and Early Mesozoic acid volcanic rocks in Southwest Guangxi have supported the existence of a continental arc related to the subduction and closure of Palaeo-Tethys on the southwestern margin of South China during Permian. It is suggested that the PTB ashes possibly derived from this Paleo-Tethys continental arc. The fact that contemporaneous volcanic ashes haven't been reported or found in North China or Northwest China implies a limited extent of the volcanism, which thus is too small to cause the PTB Mass Extinction