Test of Perfomance ERK Hybrid Dryer with Biomass Furnace as Additional Heating System for Nutmeg Seed (Myristica SP.) Drying

Conventional drying depend on the weather. It was caused agricultural product damaged, and moldy attack. So we need hybrid dryer with a source of radiation and solar biomass to continuous drying and can be controlled.The aims of this research is test performance of ERK hybrid dryer to drying the nutmeg seed during the drying process. Experiments were conducted to determine the distribution of temperature in the dryer in condition with no material and material conditions. Input of energy derived from biomass combustion in the furnace (evening) and combination of biomass and radiation (during the day). Measurements of temperature and RH using a thermocouple CC and alcohol thermometer. Temperature and RH to be measured include temperature and RH in dryer with several measurement points representing the up, middle , bottom and inlet temperature, outlet temperature and ambient temperature measurements at intervals of 30 minutes. The results showed average temperature ranges between 42 ° C - 51 ° C and RH ranged between 50.96 % -55.65 % . Time of drying is used to dry nutmeg from the initial moisture content from 80.72 % wb to 9.67 % wb is 52 hours with an average drying rate is 7.8 % db / hour . The total energy used to heat and vaporize materials,water that is 290 499.9 kJ. Efficiency of drying system 8.63% and energy of drying required to water evaporated is 28520.62 kJ / kg. The result quality of product obtained color of nutmeg generally more uniform

Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung sebagai Ruang Terbuka Publik

Bandung merupakan sebuah kota yang strategis yang memiliki nilai sejarah yang cukup panjang dalam masa perjuangan. Alun alun Bandung merupakan hasil warisan ciri kota tradisional yang dibangun oleh penguasa kolonial yang merupakan pusat ruang terbuka kota. Dari masa kemasa Alun-alun kota Bandung telah mengalami beberapa kali Perubahan, baik bentuk maupun fungsinya sehingga mengakibatkan degradasi makna terhadap fungsinya bagi masyarakat Kota Bandung itu sendiri. Maka fenomena tersebut mengarahkan kepada pertanyaan penelitian yaitu bagaimana persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung ditinjau sebagai ruang terbuka publik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung. Dari tujuan tersebut maka sasaran yang dilakukan adalah mengidentifikasi karakter dan fungsi ruang terbuka publik yaitu fungsi ekologis, arsitektural, dan sosial. Dari hasil analisis dengan menggunakan kuesioner yaitu uji sampel dengan regresi linear sederhana dengan pendekatan analisis pengguna dan analisis karakteristik ruang terbuka publik. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan penilaian baik terhadap korelasi variabel bebas yaitu persepsi masyarakat terhadap variabel terikat yaitu Alun-alun Kota Bandung, setiap kali pertanyaan yang berkenaan dengan Persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung akan mempengaruhi nilai hasil pengujian yang cenderung meningkat akan keberadaan Alun-alun itu sendiri. Hasil penelitian ini bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengangkat kembali citra Alun-alun Kota Bandung sebagai ruang publik atau (Central Square).[Public Perception of The Alun-alun Bandung as Public Open Space] Bandung is a city that has a value that strategic long history in the struggle. Alun Bandung square is the result of inherited traits of traditional town built by the colonial rulers which is the center of the city open space. Over time, Bandung town square has undergone several changes, both form and function, resulting in degradation of the meaning of the function for the city of London itself. The phenomenon then leads to the research question is how the public perception of the square is the city of Bandung reviewed as public open space for the present study tries to analyze the function of the existence of Bandung City Square as a public space. The purpose of this study was to determine the public perception of the square is the city of Bandung. From these objectives, the target does is identify the character and function of public open space that is the function of ecological, architectural and social. From the analysis by using a questionnaire that test samples with a simple linear regression analysis approach and analysis of the characteristics of users of public open space. The results of this study resulted in better assessment of the correlation of the independent variable is the public perception of the dependent variable is the town square of Bandung, every time queries regarding the public\u27s perception of the town square Bandung will affect the value of the test results are likely to increase in the existence Square itself. the results of this study can be used to lift the image of Bandung city square as a public space or (Central Square)

The extracellualr segment of hβ2 affects the sensitivity of ChTX to mSlo1+hβ2 channels.

<p>A–B, Traces show the representative currents obtained from outside-out patches from HEK293 cells transfected with cDNA encoding mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1+4K4D subunits, respectively. Currents were elicited by a 30-ms voltage step from –180 mV to 120 mV, in the presence of 10 µM Ca²⁺. The current traces are for the control, 100 nM ChTX and recovery as indicated. C. The time courses of blockade of mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1+4K4D by 100 nM ChTX. Each patch was perfused with 100 nM ChTX as indicated by the horizontal bars. The on-time constants of blockade by 100 nM ChTX are: τ_on = 138.3±16.9 s (n = 4) for mSlo1+hβ2 (gray circle) and τ_on = 20.0±1.3 s (n = 4) for mSlo1+4K4D (black circle).</p

The multi-lysine mutations of hβ2 alleviate the outward rectification of BK channels.

<p>A. The representative traces are for mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A and mSlo1+4K4D, respectively. Here, the 2K2A, 3K3A, 4K4A and 4K4D are short for K137AK141A, K137AK141AK147A, K137AK141AK147AK150A and K137DK141DK147DK150D, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002114#pone-0002114-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1A</a>. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. The instantaneous tail currents from the top to the bottom are for mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002114#pone-0002114-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1B</a>. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous I-V curves normalized to the tail currents at +100 mV are for mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R as indicated. The long dash and the dotted line are for mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1, respectively. D. The rectification ratios R = |I₁₀₀/I₋₁₀₀| were plotted for mSlo1, mSlo1+hβ2, mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R as indicated. They are 1.22±0.04 (n = 8) and 1.81±0.06 (n = 17), 1.43±0.04 (n = 15), 1.28±0.02 (n = 12), 1.24±0.03 (n = 13), 1.17±0.01 (n = 13) and 1.55±0.03 (n = 12) for mSlo1, mSlo1+hβ2, mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R, respectively.</p

Lysine-Rich Extracellular Rings Formed by hβ2 Subunits Confer the Outward Rectification of BK Channels-2

, the 2K2A, 3K3A, 4K4A and 4K4D are short for K137AK141A, K137AK141AK147A, K137AK141AK147AK150A and K137DK141DK147DK150D, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as shown in . Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. The instantaneous tail currents from the top to the bottom are for mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as described in . Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous I-V curves normalized to the tail currents at +100 mV are for mSlo1+2K2A, mSlo1+3K3A, mSlo1+4K4A, mSlo1+4K4D and mSlo1+4K4R as indicated. The long dash and the dotted line are for mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1, respectively. D. The rectification ratios R 

Lysine-Rich Extracellular Rings Formed by hβ2 Subunits Confer the Outward Rectification of BK Channels-0

E (top panel) or mSlo1+hβ2 (middle panel). Currents were elicited at potentials from −150 through 150 mV in an increment of 20 mV, after a prepulse to −180 mV to remove inactivation, in the presence of 160 mM K/160 mM K with 10 µM Ca. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom panel. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. Traces were obtained from the same patch as shown at the left panel in A. Instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2 were activated by steps to voltages ranging from −150 to 150 mV with an increment of 10 mV after a 5 or 10 ms prepulse of 150 mV, in the presence of 10 µM Ca. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom. The dark lines represent the currents activated at +100 mV and −100 mV, respectively. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 (empty circle) and mSlo1+hβ2 (solid circle), after normalized to the tail current at +100 mV, were plotted as function of voltages. D. The rectification ratios R 

Basic amino acids of hβ2 extracellular domain contribute to the outward rectification of BK channels.

<p>A. The representative traces are for mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A as indicated. The voltage protocol is the same as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002114#pone-0002114-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1A</a>. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. The instantaneous tail currents from the top to the bottom are for mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002114#pone-0002114-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1B</a>. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous I-V curves normalized to the tail currents at +100 mV are for mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A as indicated. The long dash and the dotted line are for mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1, respectively. D. The rectification ratios R = |I₁₀₀/I₋₁₀₀| were plotted for mSlo1, mSlo1+hβ2, mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A as indicated. They are 1.22±0.04 (n = 8) and 1.81±0.06 (n = 17), 1.36±0.05 (n = 11), 1.51±0.03 (n = 15), 1.53±0.04 (n = 14) and 1.74±0.04 (n = 12) for mSlo1, mSlo1+hβ2, mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A, respectively.</p

Lysine-Rich Extracellular Rings Formed by hβ2 Subunits Confer the Outward Rectification of BK Channels-1

He voltage protocol is the same as shown in . Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. The instantaneous tail currents from the top to the bottom are for mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A, respectively. The voltage protocol is the same as described in . Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous I-V curves normalized to the tail currents at +100 mV are for mSlo1+K137A, mSlo1+K141A, mSlo1+K147A and mSlo1+K150A as indicated. The long dash and the dotted line are for mSlo1+hβ2 and mSlo1, respectively. D. The rectification ratios R 

The instantaneous current-voltage properties of mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2 channels.

<p>A. Traces show the currents recorded from inside-out patches from HEK293 cells transfected with mSlo1 alone (top panel) or mSlo1+hβ2 (middle panel). Currents were elicited at potentials from −150 through 150 mV in an increment of 20 mV, after a prepulse to −180 mV to remove inactivation, in the presence of 160 mM K_o⁺/160 mM K_i⁺ with 10 µM Ca²⁺. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom panel. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. Traces were obtained from the same patch as shown at the left panel in A. Instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2 were activated by steps to voltages ranging from −150 to 150 mV with an increment of 10 mV after a 5 or 10 ms prepulse of 150 mV, in the presence of 10 µM Ca²⁺. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom. The dark lines represent the currents activated at +100 mV and −100 mV, respectively. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 (empty circle) and mSlo1+hβ2 (solid circle), after normalized to the tail current at +100 mV, were plotted as function of voltages. D. The rectification ratios R = |I₁₀₀/I₋₁₀₀| were plotted for mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2. They are 1.22±0.04 (n = 8) and 1.81±0.06 (n = 17) for mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2, respectively.</p

Lysine-Rich Extracellular Rings Formed by hβ2 Subunits Confer the Outward Rectification of BK Channels-6

E (top panel) or mSlo1+hβ2 (middle panel). Currents were elicited at potentials from −150 through 150 mV in an increment of 20 mV, after a prepulse to −180 mV to remove inactivation, in the presence of 160 mM K/160 mM K with 10 µM Ca. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom panel. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. B. Traces were obtained from the same patch as shown at the left panel in A. Instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 and mSlo1+hβ2 were activated by steps to voltages ranging from −150 to 150 mV with an increment of 10 mV after a 5 or 10 ms prepulse of 150 mV, in the presence of 10 µM Ca. The voltage protocol is plotted at the bottom. The dark lines represent the currents activated at +100 mV and −100 mV, respectively. Scale bars represent 10 ms and 5 nA, respectively. C. The instantaneous tail currents of mSlo1 (empty circle) and mSlo1+hβ2 (solid circle), after normalized to the tail current at +100 mV, were plotted as function of voltages. D. The rectification ratios R