The Loss of Cultural Image in Literary Translation-A Case Study of the English Version of The Peony Pavilion

Cultural image is the unique cultural symbol formed in different ethnic groups due to different cultural traditions and geological environment. Cultural image is widely used in classic Chinese literary, which was a great difficulty in translation. The paper has a case study of The Peony Pavilion, where exists abundant cultural images, among which the use of image “willow” and “plum” were in high frequency. These images were elaborately designed by the author to forward the plots and contained profound connotative meanings. Therefore, the translation of these cultural images is of vital importance. This essay explores the phenomenon of the loss of cultural images in the English version translated by Wang Rongpei and Cyril Birch. There are 55 scenes in the Peony Pavilion, among which the image “plum” and “willow” have been mentioned in 32 scenes. The constant repetition of these two images helps depict vivid characters and promotes the development of plots. Unfortunately, in the translation, the expression of these images is more or less absent

Lipid detection in pig arteries using intravascular photoacoustic imaging

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Each year over 370,000 people died from coronary artery disease in America. As the primary form of coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis behaves as lipid-rich plaque development inside an artery wall. Vulnerable plaques are those prone to rupture, which may result in thrombus or even death. Typical hallmarks of a vulnerable plaque include thin fibrous cap, a large lipid-rich necrotic core and inflammatory infiltrate. The identification and accurate detection of these lipid depositions in the arterial wall is crucial in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis. However, none of the current clinical imaging tools can provide accurate and reliable detection of the lipid-rich necrotic core in human arteries. Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging is an emerging technique that can provide lipid-specific detection with depth resolution. Our research focuses on applying the catheter-based IVPA imaging technique for lipid-laden plaque detection within the artery of an Ossabaw swine model. A high sensitivity IVPA imaging system developed in our lab was performed to imaging the carotid arteries from the pig model ex vivo. The imaging results showed that the exact location and size of the lipid core can be identified, which agrees with the gold standard histology result. We also compared the results of our IVPA system with the commercial near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging system. They both successfully indicated the lipid appearance at the same location. However, our imaging modality provided more information of the lipid including lipid core size, depth and distribution. This is a significant improvement of plaque burden estimation and the diagnosis of atherosclerosis in the human artery

Cylindrical illumination with angular coupling for whole-prostate photoacoustic tomography

Current diagnosis of prostate cancer relies on histological analysis of tissue samples acquired by biopsy, which could benefit from real-time identification of suspicious lesions. Photoacoustic tomography has the potential to provide real-time targets for prostate biopsy guidance with chemical selectivity, but light delivered from the rectal cavity has been unable to penetrate to the anterior prostate. To overcome this barrier, a urethral device with cylindrical illumination is developed for whole-prostate imaging, and its performance as a function of angular light coupling is evaluated with a prostate-mimicking phantom

Highly Sensitive Intravascular Photoacoustic Imaging with a Collinear Catheter Probe

A collinear catheter for label-free intravascular photoacoustic imaging was developed with a diameter of 1.6 mm. The collinear overlap between optical and acoustic waves enabled photoacoustic imaging of a human coronary artery from lumen to perivascular fat

Comparative Quantification of Arterial Lipid by Intravascular Photoacoustic-Ultrasound Imaging and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Intravascular Ultrasound

Intravascular photoacoustic-ultrasound (IVPA-US) imaging and near-infrared spectroscopy-intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS) are two hybrid modalities that detect arterial lipid, with comparison necessary to understand the relative advantages of each. We performed in vivo and ex vivo IVPA-US imaging of the iliac arteries of Ossabaw swine with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and lean swine to investigate sensitivity for early-stage atherosclerosis. We repeated imaging ex vivo with NIRS-IVUS for comparison to IVPA-US and histology. Both modalities showed significantly greater lipid in MetS vs. lean swine, but only IVPA-US localized the lipid as perivascular. To investigate late-stage atherosclerosis, we performed ex vivo IVPA-US imaging of a human coronary artery with comparison to NIRS-IVUS and histology. Two advanced fibroatheromas were identified, with agreement between IVPA-measured lipid area and NIRS-derived lipid content. As confirmed histologically, IVPA-US has sensitivity to detect lipid content similar to NIRS-IVUS and provides additional depth resolution, enabling quantification and localization of lipid cores within plaques

High-sensitivity intravascular photoacoustic imaging of lipid-laden plaque with a collinear catheter design

A highly sensitive catheter probe is critical to catheter-based intravascular photoacoustic imaging. Here, we present a photoacoustic catheter probe design on the basis of collinear alignment of the incident optical wave and the photoacoustically generated sound wave within a miniature catheter housing for the first time. Such collinear catheter design with an outer diameter of 1.6 mm provided highly efficient overlap between optical and acoustic waves over an imaging depth of >6 mm in D2O medium. Intravascular photoacoustic imaging of lipid-laden atherosclerotic plaque and perivascular fat was demonstrated, where a lab-built 500 Hz optical parametric oscillator outputting nanosecond optical pulses at a wavelength of 1.7 μm was used for overtone excitation of C-H bonds. In addition to intravascular imaging, the presented catheter design will benefit other photoacoustic applications such as needle-based intramuscular imaging

STUDY THE ORDER OF MORPHOLOGY SELF-ASSEMBLED TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER THIN FILMS BY FFT OF THE AFM IMAGES

ABSTRACT A variety of block copolymer thin films with well-ordered nanostructures, which can be employed as templates for nanotechnologies including nanostructure membranes, nanoparticle synthesis, photonic crystal, and high-density information storage media, can be realized simply and at low cost by self-assembly. Long range ordering of morphology is paramount to realize applications of self-assembled block copolymer thin films in nanotechnologies. A better understanding of what parameters affect the ordering process can lead to the production of highly ordered arrays of nanostructures. In this paper, in order to effectively analyze the improvement in ordering, the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the AFM images is used. Fast Fourier transform provide a mathematical analysis of the image that is similar to producing a diffraction pattern. From this "diffraction pattern" information on the order in the system can be obtained. Moreover, calculating an ordering parameter from the FFT provides a quantitative measure of the order present in the polymer template. The order parameter is calculated using equations which were tested against a manufactured perfect system and imperfect system to ensure that a perfect system would provide an order parameter of 1 and an imperfect system would create an order parameter of 0. The results show that the method is reasonable and effective to analyze the improvement in ordering that is achieved by using solvent annealing. Furthermore, the method can be used to understand the parameters in triblock copolymer thin film self-assembly process that create the most well ordered system

Real-time intravascular photoacoustic-ultrasound imaging of lipid-laden plaque in human coronary artery at 16 frames per second

Intravascular photoacoustic-ultrasound (IVPA-US) imaging is an emerging hybrid modality for the detection of lipid-laden plaques, as it provides simultaneous morphological and lipid-specific chemical information of an artery wall. Real-time imaging and display at video-rate speed are critical for clinical utility of the IVPA-US imaging technology. Here, we demonstrate a portable IVPA-US system capable of imaging at up to 25 frames per second in real-time display mode. This unprecedented imaging speed was achieved by concurrent innovations in excitation laser source, rotary joint assembly, 1 mm IVPA-US catheter size, differentiated A-line strategy, and real-time image processing and display algorithms. Spatial resolution, chemical specificity, and capability for imaging highly dynamic objects were evaluated by phantoms to characterize system performance. An imaging speed of 16 frames per second was determined to be adequate to suppress motion artifacts from cardiac pulsation for in vivo applications. The translational capability of this system for the detection of lipid-laden plaques was validated by ex vivo imaging of an atherosclerotic human coronary artery at 16 frames per second, which showed strong correlation to gold-standard histopathology. Thus, this high-speed IVPA-US imaging system presents significant advances in the translational intravascular and other endoscopic applications