sj-docx-1-jht-10.1177_10963480231186656 – Supplemental material for Dawn or Dusk? Will Virtual Tourism Begin to Boom? An Integrated Model of AIDA, TAM, and UTAUT

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jht-10.1177_10963480231186656 for Dawn or Dusk? Will Virtual Tourism Begin to Boom? An Integrated Model of AIDA, TAM, and UTAUT by Ying Zhang and Johye Hwang in Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research</p

Financial pre-factors for post-performance of cross-border mergers & acquisitions

We study mergers and acquisitions (M&A) when one company is Chinese and another company is outside China. Previous studies are still much lacking considerations on financial factors affecting subsequent performance of such multinational (or ‘cross-border’) M&A. Here, a few (5) influencing factors are tested through a multiple linear regression model for 100 listed companies over [2016–2018]. We examine the role of (i) the mode of payment, (ii) cultural differences, (iii) industry differences, (iv) company scale and (v) the shareholding ratio. The research denotes that the payment method and the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder have both a positive correlation with the performance in the year of the M&A and in the following one,–whatever the industries differences and companies sizes

Steady state RBC velocity and CFL thickness.

RBC velocity in the horizontal direction and the estimated CFL thickness with extracted vessel wall geometry for both the RBC-only simulations and the whole blood simulations.</p

Parameters for the microscopic ESL model.

The geometry of the blood vessel wall plays a regulatory role on the motion of red blood cells (RBCs). The overall topography of the vessel wall depends on many features, among which the endothelial lining of the endothelial surface layer (ESL) is an important one. The endothelial lining of vessel walls presents a large surface area for exchanging materials between blood and tissues. The ESL plays a critical role in regulating vascular permeability, hindering leukocyte adhesion as well as inhibiting coagulation during inflammation. Changes in the ESL structure are believed to cause vascular hyperpermeability and entrap immune cells during sepsis, which could significantly alter the vessel wall geometry and disturb interactions between RBCs and the vessel wall, including the wall-induced migration of RBCs and the thickening of a cell-free layer. To investigate the influence of the vessel wall geometry particularly changed by the ESL under various pathological conditions, such as sepsis, on the motion of RBCs, we developed two models to represent the ESL using the immersed boundary method in two dimensions. In particular, we used simulations to study how the lift force and drag force on a RBC near the vessel wall vary with different wall thickness, spatial variation, and permeability associated with changes in the vessel wall geometry. We find that the spatial variation of the wall has a significant effect on the wall-induced migration of the RBC for a high permeability, and that the wall-induced migration is significantly inhibited as the vessel diameter is increased.</div

RBC-only simulation with extracted geometry during sepsis using a lower cell density.

RBC-only simulation with extracted geometry during sepsis using a lower cell density.</p

Schematic of the vessel wall layout and the initial positions of the RBC.

(A) the microscopic ESL model and (B) the macroscopic ESL model. In both cases, the vessel wall layout is plotted in red.</p

The distance of the RBC’s center of mass to the wall for different thickness using the microscopic ESL model.

(A) The RBC’s center of mass in the y direction versus time for an impermeable wall. (B) The RBC’s center of mass in the y direction versus time for a highly permeable wall. In both panels, the black curve corresponds to a thinner wall of thickness 1.0811μm and the red curve corresponds to a thicker wall of thickness 1.7256μm. In both panels, 95% confidence intervals are plotted at each data point. In all simulations, we assume the ESL is in a healthy condition corresponding to a density of bundles of 5. Parameters are summarized in Table 1.</p

The macroscopic ESL model illustrates a similar qualitative effect of spatial variation.

(A and C) Time and initial condition averaged drag and lift force versus layer spatial frequency. (B and D) Time and initial condition averaged fraction of drag (|〈Drag〉|/(|〈Drag〉| + |〈Lift〉|)) and lift force (|〈Lift〉|/(|〈Drag〉| + |〈Lift〉|)) versus spatial frequency over all values of permeability. In all simulations, the thickness is fixed to be (A + h) = 1.4839μm. In panel A and C 95% confidence intervals are plotted at each data point. Parameters are summarized in Table 2.</p

RBC-only simulation with extracted geometry in a healthy condition.

RBC-only simulation with extracted geometry in a healthy condition.</p

The effect of changes in the density of bundles using the microscopic ESL model.

(A and C) Time and initial condition averaged drag and lift force versus density of bundles for different values of permeability. (B and D) Time and initial condition averaged fraction of drag (|〈Drag〉|/(|〈Drag〉| + |〈Lift〉|)) and lift force (|〈Lift〉|/(|〈Drag〉| + |〈Lift〉|)) versus density of bundles. In all simulations, the thickness is fixed to be h = 1.4839μm. In panel A and C a 95% confidence intervals are plotted at each data point. Parameters are summarized in Table 1.</p