An organogenesis network-based comparative transcriptome analysis for understanding early human development in vivo and in vitro

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Integrated networks hold great promise in a variety of contexts. In a recent study, we have combined expression and interaction data to identify a putative network underlying early human organogenesis that contains two modules, the stemness-relevant module (hStemModule) and the differentiation-relevant module (hDiffModule). However, owing to its hypothetical nature, it remains unclear whether this network allows for comparative transcriptome analysis to advance our understanding of early human development, both <it>in vivo </it>and <it>in vitro</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on this integrated network, we here report comparisons with the context-dependent transcriptome data from a variety of sources. By viewing the network and its two modules as gene sets and conducting gene set enrichment analysis, we demonstrate the network's utility as a quantitative monitor of the stem potential <it>versus </it>the differentiation potential. During early human organogenesis, the hStemModule reflects the generality of a gradual loss of the stem potential. The hDiffModule indicates the stage-specific differentiation potential and is therefore not suitable for depicting an extended developmental window. Processing of cultured cells of different types further revealed that the hStemModule is a general indicator that distinguishes different cell types in terms of their stem potential. In contrast, the hDiffModule cannot distinguish between differentiated cells of different types but is able to predict differences in the differentiation potential of pluripotent cells of different origins. We also observed a significant positive correlation between each of these two modules and early embryoid bodies (EBs), which are used as <it>in vitro </it>differentiation models. Despite this, the network-oriented comparisons showed considerable differences between the developing embryos and the EBs that were cultured <it>in vitro </it>over time to try to mimic <it>in vivo </it>processes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We strongly recommend the use of these two modules either when pluripotent cell types of different origins are involved or when the comparisons made are constrained to the in <it>vivo </it>embryos during early human organogenesis (and an equivalent <it>in vitro </it>differentiation models). Network-based comparative transcriptome analysis will contribute to an increase in knowledge about human embryogenesis, particularly when only transcriptome data are currently available. These advances will add an extra dimension to network applications.</p

The research progress on the mechanism of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated calcitonin gene-related peptide to relieve migraine

Currently, the pathogenesis of migraine is unclear. The trigeminal vascular reflex theory is the dominant pathogenesis theory, and its core parts are neurogenic inflammation and pain sensitisation. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is the most powerful vasodilating peptide in brain circulation. It is also a marker of trigeminal nerve microvascular activation that plays a synergistic role in the pathogenesis of migraine. Adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) can inhibit the release of CGRP in the trigeminal nerve vascular system to alleviate migraine by mediating adenosine. This review summarises the progress of research on the alleviation of migraine by using A1R-mediated CGRP

Aplikasi Image Thresholding Untuk Segmentasi Objek

Salah satu operasi di dalam analisis citra adalah segmentasi citra, yaitu memisahkan objek dari latar belakangnya atau dari objek lain yang tidak menjadi perhatian. Metode sementasi yang sederhana adalah dengan operasi pengambangan (thresholding). Operasi pengambangan menghasilkan citra biner, yang dalam hal ini objek yang diacu di-set berwarna putih sedangkan latar belakangnya di-set berwarna hitam (atau sebaliknya bergantung kasusnya). Makalah ini mempresentasikan penggunaan operasi pengambangan untuk melakukan segmentasi objek. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan menggunakan kakas MATLAB. Hasil eksperimen memperlihatkan bahwa pemilihan nilai ambang (threshold) yang tepat sangat menentukan keberhasilan segmentasi

(4-Hydroxy­phen­yl)methanaminium 2-(4-sulfanylphen­yl)acetate

In the title mol­ecular salt, C7H10NO+·C8H7O2S−, the crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Clinical observations of vitreoretinal surgery for four different phenotypes of X-linked congenital retinoschisis

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for four different phenotypes of X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS). METHODS: This study included thirty-one eyes of 25 patients who developed XLRS with severe complications. Among the 31 eyes, there were 7 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage, 8 eyes with retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage, and 16 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. All of the patients underwent standard three-port pars plana vitrectomy. All of the eyes were divided into 4 groups before surgery according to a modified classification scheme, with the first three groups as follows: group A, with foveal cystic schisis; group B with macular lamellar schisis; and group C with foveolamellar changes. Peripheral schisis was not present in these 3 groups; however, group D was a complex group with both macular and peripheral changes. One year after surgery, we analyzed the best corrected visual acuity and postoperative anatomical and functional outcomes of these 4 groups. RESULTS: There were 7 eyes in group A (22.6%), 1 eye in group B (3.2%), 15 eyes in group C (48.4%) and 8 eyes in group D (25.8%). Postoperative anatomical and functional outcomes were satisfactory at the last visit, while the mean visual acuity was increased to 0.27±0.11, with a significant difference (t=-1.049, P=0.000) compared with the results before surgery (0.1±0.08). Visual acuity was improved in 23 eyes (74.2%). Complications were found in three eyes: two eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and traction retinal detachment 10 and 12mo after surgery, respectively; and one eye with vitreous hemorrhage 15mo after surgery. These eyes were in groups C and D. The retinas remained attached in these 3 eyes after reoperation. CONCLUSION: We should pay greater attention to XLRS with foveolamellar changes because it is the most changeable phenotype. Once complications occur, vitreoretinal surgery can significantly improve visual acuity and restore the anatomic structure of the retina