Quali regole per la sharing mobility in Europa. Un\u2019introduzione

All over Europe urban mobility services are subject to specialized regulatory regimes. In the last decade, new technologies have upended the sector, making possible new ways of organizing the industry. Platforms like Uber and Lyft have been among the first to seize these possibilities. However, they have often done so without regard for national and local laws. In response to these changes many EU jurisdictions have amended their sectoral regulations, revisiting issues such as licensing, background checks and insurance. The result has been a vast landscape of legal, commercial, and political conflict where local administrators, private operators and citizens are obliged to act within a normative chaos. Sharing mobility is facing a major challenge in Europe. In its landmark judgment in December 2017, the European Court of Justice concluded that platforms such as Uber is \u2018a service in the field of transport\u2019 that are excluded from the scope of the Freedom to provide services, the Directive on services and the Directive on e-commerce. It follows that it is for the Member States and local authorities to regulate the conditions under which such services are to be provided (Case C-434/15). Yet, EU law is deeply involved in the regulation of such services. The surrounding legal framework for sharing mobility includes not only competition, labor law and consumer protection, but it also deeply affects social inclusion, environmental sustainability and urban planning, among others. For these reasons, the central question for the European Union regards the appropriate site of authority in multi-level systems. This Special Issue has been conceived within the framework of the Jean Monnet Project RIDER: an innovative project that combines research and teaching to offer a "new product" with a clear idea: \u201cfrom the Academic world to Civil society\u201d. The aim is to offer real support to the public administrator in the creation of new policies and rules for sharing mobility and in following those good practices that will be developed during the lifetime of the project, taking into account the many dimensions involved: urban impact, social inclusion, environment, and so on

Oxidation of Refractory Benzothiazoles with PMS/CuFe₂O₄: Kinetics and Transformation Intermediates

Benzothiazole (BTH) and its derivatives 2-(methylthio)­bezothiazole (MTBT), 2-benzothiazolsulfonate (BTSA), and 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (OHBT) are refractory pollutants ubiquitously existing in urban runoff at relatively high concentrations. Here, we report their oxidation by CuFe₂O₄-activated peroxomonosulfate (PMS/CuFe₂O₄), focusing on kinetics and transformation intermediates. These benzothiazoles can be efficiently degraded by this oxidation process, which is confirmed to generate mainly sulfate radicals (with negligible hydroxyl-radical formation) under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions. The molar exposure ratio of sulfate radical to residual PMS (i.e., <i>R</i>_ct) for this process is a constant that is related to the reaction condition and can be easily determined. The reaction rate constants of these benzothiazoles toward sulfate radical are (3.3 ± 0.3) × 10⁹, (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10⁹, (1.5 ± 0.1) × 10⁹, and (4.7 ± 0.5) × 10⁹ M^–1 s^–1, respectively (pH 7 and 20 °C). On the basis of <i>R</i>_ct and these rate constants, their degradation in the presence of organic matter can be well-predicted. A number of transformation products were detected and tentatively identified using triple-quadruple/linear ion trap MS/MS and high-resolution MS. It appears that sulfate radicals attack BTH, MTBT, and BTSA on their benzo ring via electron transfer, generating multiple hydroxylated intermediates that are reactive toward common oxidants. For OHBT oxidation, the thiazole ring is preferentially broken down. Due to competitions of the transformation intermediates, a minimum PMS/pollutant molar ratio of 10–20 is required for effective degradation. The flexible PMS/CuFe₂O₄ could be a useful process to remove the benzothiazoles from low dissolved organic carbon waters like urban runoff or polluted groundwater

Data_Sheet_1_The effect of supplementing with Saccharomyces boulardii on bismuth quadruple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.PDF

Background and objectiveIt remains uncertain if the addition of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) to bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) recommended in the current guidelines can enhance the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication rate and decrease the incidence of adverse events. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to address this issue.MethodsWe performed comprehensive searches in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases from the inception of the databases through to November 1, 2023. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the pooled relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. We utilized the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to assess the risk of bias of included studies.ResultsA total of six RCTs (1,404 patients) included in this meta-analysis. The results of the intention-to-treat analysis showed that the combination of S. boulardii with BQT had a higher eradication rate than BQT alone (87.0% versus 83.3%), with a pooled RR of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00–1.10, p = 0.03). In the per-protocol analysis, however, there was no statistical significance between the two groups in the eradication rate (93.7% versus 91.0%, RR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00–1.06, p = 0.07). The combination of S. boulardii and BQT had a significantly lower rate of overall adverse events (22% vs. 39%, RR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.44–0.70, p ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that supplementation with S. boulardii in BQT may not have a major effect on the H. pylori eradication rate, but significantly reduces the incidence of overall adverse events, diarrhea, abdominal distention and constipation. Combining S. Boulardii with BQT can help alleviate symptoms, potentially improving patient adherence.Systematic review registrationhttps://osf.io/n9z7c.</p

Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines and Their Isomeric Analogs from a One-Pot Reaction of Perfluorinated Dihydroxybenzenes with Dichlorotriazines

Efficient synthesis of tetraoxacalix[2]perfluoroarene[2]triazines and their isomeric analogs from a one-pot macrocyclic condensation reaction of methoxy- and amino-substituted dichlorotriazines with tetrafluorobenzene-1,3-, -1,4-, and -1,2-diols was developed. X-ray analysis demonstrates that they adopt drastically different 1,3-alternate conformations in the crystalline state while in solution they undergo very fast conformational changes relative to the NMR time scale

Anion−π Interaction Powered Perrhenate Recognition and Extraction in Aqueous Media

Selective anion recognition and extraction in aqueous media is a challenging research topic, and the anion−π interaction is an undetermined solution for the development of anion sorbent materials with better affinity and selectivity. Here, noncovalent anion−π interaction was introduced as the driving force for this purpose. A cage-based 2D cationic metal–organic framework, IPM-21, is featured with porous channels formed by complementary V-shape electron-deficient cavities. This 3D rhombic electron-deficient cavity can bind two anions with the clipped π-acidic surfaces, exhibiting much higher affinity toward ReO4– due to the strong complementary effect. This cavity was forced to expand its opening size to seamlessly adopt the ReO4– anion with a large volume. Experimental results found that the binding energy of IPM-21 with ReO4– is around 2.3 kJ/mol higher than that with ClO4–. Parts per million levels of the ReO4– anion in aqueous media can be effectively extracted by IPM-21 with a removal up to 99%, even with mixed competing anions. IPM-21 can be easily recycled and reused by treatment with high concentration aqueous NaClO4. Due to the extremely low interlamellar interaction, the IPM-21 crystal exhibited enhanced ReO4– extraction performance with the recycling times due to self-exfoliation; as a result, ultrathin IPM-21 nanosheets with large lateral sizes were produced in this process

Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines and Their Isomeric Analogs from a One-Pot Reaction of Perfluorinated Dihydroxybenzenes with Dichlorotriazines

Efficient synthesis of tetraoxacalix[2]perfluoroarene[2]triazines and their isomeric analogs from a one-pot macrocyclic condensation reaction of methoxy- and amino-substituted dichlorotriazines with tetrafluorobenzene-1,3-, -1,4-, and -1,2-diols was developed. X-ray analysis demonstrates that they adopt drastically different 1,3-alternate conformations in the crystalline state while in solution they undergo very fast conformational changes relative to the NMR time scale

Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines and Their Isomeric Analogs from a One-Pot Reaction of Perfluorinated Dihydroxybenzenes with Dichlorotriazines

Efficient synthesis of tetraoxacalix[2]perfluoroarene[2]triazines and their isomeric analogs from a one-pot macrocyclic condensation reaction of methoxy- and amino-substituted dichlorotriazines with tetrafluorobenzene-1,3-, -1,4-, and -1,2-diols was developed. X-ray analysis demonstrates that they adopt drastically different 1,3-alternate conformations in the crystalline state while in solution they undergo very fast conformational changes relative to the NMR time scale

CC16 was repressed in non-human primates exposed to CS.

<p>Rhesus monkey was exposed to CS as described in Material and Method Section. Tissue sections from A) 3 filtered air (FA)- and B) 6 CS-exposed monkeys were stained with CC16 antibody (Green) and counter-stained with DAPI for nuclei (Blue). For each slide, the images were taken and quantified from at least 5 different regions of each tissue slides (C). (&: p<0.05).</p

Synthesis of Electron-Deficient Oxacalix[2]arene[2]triazines and Their Isomeric Analogs from a One-Pot Reaction of Perfluorinated Dihydroxybenzenes with Dichlorotriazines

Efficient synthesis of tetraoxacalix[2]perfluoroarene[2]triazines and their isomeric analogs from a one-pot macrocyclic condensation reaction of methoxy- and amino-substituted dichlorotriazines with tetrafluorobenzene-1,3-, -1,4-, and -1,2-diols was developed. X-ray analysis demonstrates that they adopt drastically different 1,3-alternate conformations in the crystalline state while in solution they undergo very fast conformational changes relative to the NMR time scale

Further characterization of Act1 induced gene expression.

<p>(A) HBE1 cells were transfected with Act1-FLAG and harvested 24h post-transfection for RNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis of various IL-17 target genes. (B) A549 or NHBE cells were transfected with empty vector (EV) or Act1-FLAG and harvested 24h post-transfection for RNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis of <i>DEFB4</i> expression. (C) HBE1 cells were transfected with empty vector, Act1-FLAG or untagged Act1 and harvested 24h post-transfection for RNA extraction and real-time PCR analysis of <i>DEFB4</i> expression. C(t) values were normalized to <i>GAPDH</i> and calibrated to empty vector controls. Error bars represent SEM of 3 independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to empty vector (EV) transfected cells.</p