A Critical Review for the Possibility of Science without ‘Eppue Si Muove’: From Thomas Kuhn’s Theory of Science to Psychology of Science

The theory of science that Thomas Kuhn built in the Structure of Scientific Revolutions was considered as a hypothetical framework in this study. Since the publication of the work, many questions have arisen that call for a psychology of science. These questions are moved to another dimension through the knowledge of the decision made within Galileo Affair, which occupies an important place in modern science, fundamentally arising from an epistemic struggle and emerging out of an unscientific base rather than the charge of unholiness. Abandoning the perspective which evaluates these questions within a historical process as a weak side of the Kuhnian theory of science, this study challenges the current approaches with an alternative approach. The epistemic complexity in the Kuhnian theory of science is an imperative complexity caused by human factors. From this perspective, there are potential questions for psychology of science as a field of study based on Kuhnian epistemology and it can be assumed that new problems may appear when the other epistemological questions which assumed as “answered” are reviewed in the scope of this study. The main thesis of this study is that psychology of science is possible as a valid and operationalizable research program based on Kuhnian theory of science

Preventing Others from Commercializing Your Innovation: Evidence from Creative Commons Licenses

Online innovation communities are an important source of innovation for many organizations. While contributions to such communities are typically made without financial compensation, these contributions are often governed by licenses such as Creative Commons that may prevent others from building upon and commercializing them. While this can diminish the usefulness of contributions, there is limited work analyzing what leads individuals to impose restrictions on the use of their work. In this paper, we examine innovators imposing restrictive licenses within the 3D-printable design community Thingiverse. Our analyses suggest that innovators are more likely to restrict commercialization of their contributions as their reputation increases and when reusing contributions created by others. These findings contribute to innovation communities and the growing literature on property rights in digital markets

Answer-set programming as a new approach to event-sequence testing

In many applications, faults are triggered by events that occur in a particular order. Based on the assumption that most bugs are caused by the interaction of a low number of events, Kuhn et al. recently introduced sequence covering arrays (SCAs) as suitable designs for event sequence testing. In practice, directly applying SCAs for testing is often impaired by additional constraints, and SCAs have to be adapted to fit application-specific needs. Modifying precomputed SCAs to account for problem variations can be problematic, if not impossible, and developing dedicated algorithms is costly. In this paper, we propose answer-set programming (ASP), a well-known knowledge-representation formalism from the area of artificial intelligence based on logic programming, as a declarative paradigm for computing SCAs. Our approach allows to concisely state complex coverage criteria in an elaboration tolerant way, i.e., small variations of a problem specification require only small modifications of the ASP representation

Does climate change affect bank lending behavior?

We examine how banks adjust credit supply in areas with higher exposure to climate risks by utilizing the province-level air pollution and loan growth data of a large emerging market, Turkey, following the Paris Agreement in 2015. Our results show that banks limit their credit extension to more polluted provinces in the post-agreement interval, implying that banks consider climate change-related risks and adjust their credit provisioning accordingly. Our baseline findings are intact against a myriad of robustness checks. We also find that the shift in the climate risk-credit provisioning nexus is asymmetric depending on the levels of air pollution.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The relationship between the preferences of the oral glucose screening test and the levels of health literacy and perinatal anxiety of pregnancy

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

UZMANLAŞMA VE TIPTA BÜTÜNCÜL YAKLAŞIM ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Endüstrileşme ile birlikte, ekonomik verimliliğin ve kitlesel üretimin artırılması amacıyla iş bölümüne gidilmesi, uzmanlaşmaya dayanan işlerin ortaya çıkmasına ve emek sürecinin değişmesine yol açmıştır. Bilgi birikiminin artmasıyla eski bütüncül dünya anlayışına sahip insan modeli yerini modern dönemin uzman insanına bırakmıştır. İş bölümü ve uzmanlaşmanın mesleklere yansıyan yönünde profesyonellik anlayışı gündeme gelmektedir. Yaşanan gelişmelerle birlikte tıp mesleğinde bölünmeler meydana gelmiş, modern tıp bilimsel uzmanlık alanlarını temel alan bir sisteme dönüşmüştür. Her bir alandan bir uzman hekimin sorumlu olduğu bu sistem, içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılda uzmanlık alanlarının artışıyla kendini göstermektedir. Makro uzmanlık alanlarının mikro uzmanlık alanlarına doğru yöneldiği tıpta uzmanlaşma konusu, tıbbi ve sosyolojik manada incelenmesi gereken önemli bir olgudur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzmanlaşma, Bütüncül Yaklaşım, Tıpta Uzmanlaşma, Sağlık Sosyolojisi. JEL Sınıflandırma Kodları: I2

Determination of mechanical properties of different sized silicon and silica nanowires tested in SEM

To push miniaturization in electronics forward, integration of silicon or silica nanowires into microelectromechanical based sensors (MEMS) becomes essential, because they were found to enhance the overall sensitivity and noise immunity. With respect to mechanical stress may develop in nanowires in operation of the MEMS system, their stability need to be checked to ensure long-term reliability. The monolithic fabrication includes a controlled two-step chip-on-wafer etching technique resulting in double-anchored wires with the minimum width of 35 nm, the maximum width of 74 nm and a height of 168 nm with clamped wire endings for silicon [1,2]. Based on this idea clamped silica wires with widths between 150 to 200 nm and heights of 50 nm and 372 nm were created due to prior coating of a silicon bulk with a silsesquioxane precursor in addition to subsequent e-beam irradiation [3]. Dimensions and shape of the wire cross-sections were exemplary investigated using transmission electron microscopy, while the determination of the respective wire´s length between the clamped endings of 2 to 12µm and the in-situ three-point-bending tests were carried out within a scanning electron microscope. A micromanipulator equipped with a piezo-resistive force sensor, shaped like a cantilever conventionally used for atomic force microscopes was loaded and unloaded at the wires mid-span and forces were detected. Simultaneously the systematic tests were recorded in scanning electron micrographs taken each second to extract force-displacement (f-d) curves of the different sized nano-objects. As expected for brittle material, silicon nanowires showed well-known f-d behavior. Considering a modulus of elasticity of 169 GPa for bulk [100] silicon and the influence of the native oxide finite element simulation (FEM) exactly fit to the experimental data leading to the conclusion that no size dependence for elastic properties was identified [4]. Same observations were made with silica wires until a stress level of about 0.1 to 0.4 GPa is reached and a superplastic deformation without fracture of the wires takes place. The validation of the f-d results from the systematic study of the fracture behavior of silicon wire is in progress. Due to the special wire geometry (small width in relation to height) buckling occurs during loading, implemented within a finite-element simulation, which needs still further refinement. Finally, this study will help to predict mechanical behavior (or vice versa the dimensions) of MEMS integrated silicon nanowires. The project leading to this application has received funding from the EMPIR programme Strength-ABLE co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. [1] Z. Tasdemir, N. Wollschläger, W. Österle, Y. Leblebici and B. E. Alaca: A deep etching mechanism for trench-bridging silicon nanowires, Nanotechnology 27 (2016) 095303. [2] M. Yilmaz, Y. Kilinc, G. Nadar, Z. Tasdemir, N. Wollschläger, W. Österle, Y. Leblebici and B. E. Alaca: Top-down technique for scaling to nano in silicon MEMS, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 35 (2017) 022001-1 [3] M. Yilmaz, N. Wollschläger, M. Nasr Esfahani, Österle, Y. Leblebici and B. E. Alaca: Superplastic behavior of silica nanowires obtained by direct patterning of silsesquioxane-based precursors, Nanotechnology 28 (2017) 115302. [4] N. Wollschläger, Z. Tasdemir, I. Häusler, Y. Leblebici, W. Österle and B. E. Alaca: Determination of the Elastic Behavior of Silicon Nanowires within a Scanning Electron Microscope, J. Nanomat. (2016) 4905838-

Initial syncope associated with alternating attacks of supraventricular tachycardia and atrioventricular block long after surgical correction of tricuspid atresia

The Fontan procedure has become a generic term to define a surgical procedure that orients the systemic venous return directly to the pulmonary arteries, and has been used as a palliative operation for pulmonary atresia, tricuspid atresia, double inlet ventricle and complex single ventricle. The earliest type of Fontan procedure was a simple atriopulmonary anastomosis between the right atrium and the pulmonary artery. Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial flutter and sinus node dysfunction may occur in the early and late postoperative period after simple atriopulmonary anastomosis. The case presented here represents a much delayed occurrence of an initial syncope due to alternating attacks of SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) and second degree heart block on admission 21 years after simple atriopulmonary anastomosis performed for the correction of tricuspid atresia. (Cardiol J 2008; 15: 186-188

The effect of smoking on cardiac diastolic parameters including Vp, a more reliable and newer parameter

Background: Previous studies have focused mainly on the acute effects of smoking on the diastolic function of the heart. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the chronic effects of smoking on the diastolic functional parameters of the heart, including transmitral M- mode coloured flow propagation velocity (Vp), among relatively younger asymptomatic adults. Method: Hundred smokers with histories of incessant smoking for at least one year prior to the time of the investigation were included in the prospectively designed study as group I. Group II consisted of 35 non-smokers, matched for age and gender. Addiction to smoking was graded according to the modified Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (M-FNDT). Each smoker was designated by a nicotine dependence index (NDI) according to the M-FNDT. Groups I and II were compared with respect to major diastolic functional parameters on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), including the E/A ratio, deceleration time (DT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and Vp, along with basic clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Results: Thirty one smokers in group 1 and 5 non-smokers in group 2 were excluded from the study according to the pre-defined exclusion criteria. Therefore 69 smokers (mean age: 30 &#177; 4.9 years, M/F: 32/37) in group I were compared with 30 non-smokers (mean age: 31.4 &#177; 4.8 years, M/F: 15/15) in group II. In group I the mean values of E/A and Vp were significantly lower (p < 0.001), whereas the mean values of IVRT and DT were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in group II. In group I the value of NDI was positively correlated with the values of DT and IVTR (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the value of Vp (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Conventional and relatively new parameters of cardiac diastolic function, in particular Vp, were found to be impaired in smokers demonstrating the chronic adverse effects of smoking on the diastolic function of the heart. The severity of this impairment was closely correlated with the degree of addiction to smoking. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 281-286

Gaga Gölü (Ordu-Türkiye) Balık Faunası ve Tespit Edilen 4 Türün Morfometrik Karakterleri

This study was carried out to determine the fish fauna of Gaga Lake in Fatsa town in Ordu. The study was conducted between the dates of July 2009-June 2010. During the research, totally 151 fish were sampled by using trammel nets, gill nets, beach seine net, traps, long lines andfishing cast nets which have different mesh sizes. In this study, 4 species from 2 families were identified. The fish species identified in the study are; Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782), Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Cyprinidae family and Neogobius fluvitialis (Pallas, 1814) from Gobiidae family. The systematical characters of each fish species caught in the research area have been determined; metric and meristic features of each species have been explained in detail. Achieved results have been compared to the data recorded in the previous taxonomical studies.Keywords: Gaga Lake, Fish, Fauna, MorphometryBu araştırmada Ordu ili Fatsa ilçesi sınırları içerisinde bulunan Gaga Gölü’nün balık faunası araştırılmıştır. Araştırma Temmuz 2009-Haziran 2010 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma süresince toplam 151 balık örneği; farklı ağ göz açıklığına sahip fanyalı ağlar, galsama ağları, el ığrıbı, pinterler, olta takımı ve balık kepçeleri aracılığıyla yakalanmıştır. Bu çalışmada 2 familyaya ait 4 tür teşhis edilmiştir. Bunlar; Cyprinidae familyası üyesi Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Squalius cephalus ve Gobiidae familyası üyesi Neogobius fluviatilis’tir. Araştırma bölgesinden yakalanan her türün sistematik karakterleri belirlenmiş, metrik ve meristik özellikleri ayrıntılı olarak verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar daha önce yapılmış taksonomik çalışmalarda bildirilen verilerle karşılaştırılmıştır.Anahtar sözcükler: Gaga Gölü, Balık, Fauna, Morfometr