Domain control of carrier density at a semiconductor-ferroelectric interface

Control of charge carrier distribution in a gated channel via a dielectric layer is currently the state of the art in the design of integrated circuits such as field effect transistors. Replacing linear dielectrics with ferroelectrics would ultimately lead to more energy efficient devices as well as the added advantage of the memory function of the gate. Here, we report that the channel-off/channel-on states in a metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor stack are actually transitions from a multi domain state to a single domain state of the ferroelectric under bias. In our approach, there is no a priori assumption on the single or multi-domain nature of the ferroelectric layer that is often neglected in works discussing the ferroelectric-gate effect on channel conductivity interfacing a ferroelectric. We also predict that semiconductor/ferroelectric/semiconductor stacks can function at even lower gate voltages than metal/ferroelectric/semiconductor stacks when an n-type semiconductor is placed between the ferroelectric and the gate metal. Our results suggest the ultimate stability of the multidomain state whenever it interfaces a semiconductor electrode and that a switchable single domain state may not be necessary to achieve effective control of conductivity in a p-type channel. Finally, we discuss some experimental results in the literature in light of our findings

Optimisation of Indirect ELISA by Comparison of Different Antigen Preparations for Detection of Antibodies Against Schmallenberg Virus

WOS:000582334700010Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection, discovered in 2011, was reported in Europe including Turkey, Africa and recently in some Asian countries. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were widely used by researchers in many epidemiological studies and SBV diagnosis. The aim of this study was to optimise indirect in-house ELISA that is based on different antigen preparations of cell-culture derived whole SBV particle. Antigen preparations were maintained with various methods: PEG precipitation, ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and antigen inactivation. Following antigen optimisation, steps of antigen coating, blocking, conjugate and stop solution were optimised and in-house ELISA was compared to commercial indirect SBV ELISA kit. The best result in ELISA antigen preparation for SBV was gained by 30% PEG purification method followed by formaldehyde inactivation. Although results of this study demonstrated that in-house ELISA for detection of SBV specific antibodies was equally sensitive and specific as commercial kit, purified SBV antigen based in-house ELISA development could increase S/P ratios

Multifocal Extranodal Involvement of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Endobronchial involvement of extrapulmonary malignant tumors is uncommon and mostly associated with breast, kidney, colon, and rectum carcinomas. A 68-year-old male with a prior diagnosis of colon non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of cough, sputum, and dyspnea. The chest radiograph showed right hilar enlargement and opacity at the right middle zone suggestive of a mass lesion. Computed tomography of thorax revealed a right-sided mass lesion extending to thoracic wall with the destruction of the third and the fourth ribs and a right hilar mass lesion. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in order to evaluate endobronchial involvement and showed stenosis with mucosal tumor infiltration in right upper lobe bronchus. The pathological examination of bronchoscopic biopsy specimen reported diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and the patient was accepted as the endobronchial recurrence of sigmoid colon NHL. The patient is still under treatment of R-ICE (rituximab-ifosfamide-carboplatin-etoposide) chemotherapy and partial regression of pulmonary lesions was noted after 3 courses of treatment

The Effects of Smoking on the Prostates of Rats which are Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Background: Smoking is a hallmark preventable health issue worldwide. The role of smoking in the aetiology of prostate cancers remains a lack of consensus. Methods and material: 100 male albino Wistar rats were used. The smoking group (n=40) was exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 hours per day for 8 weeks. The rest were set aside as a control group (n=60). At the end of 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and haemoglobin and serum cotinine values were measured. The prostate glands were excised and dorsolateral strips were prepared for in vitro examination. After application of 80 mM KCl, carbachol, and phenylephrine, respectively, contraction values were obtained and calculated in grams. Prostate tissues were stained using p53, bcl-2, cyclin D, and c-erb-B2 immunohistochemical and Hematoxylin-Eosin gram staining. Results: In the smoking group, the mean haemoglobin value was found out as 16.5 mg/dl, and 11.5 mg/dl in the control group respectively. The cotinine values were determined to be 76.43 ng/ml in the smoking group and <10 ng/ml in the control group. The prostate contractions in the smoking group were seen significantly lower than the contractions in the control group After immunohistochemical investigation of the prostate tissues, meaningful acinar dilatation and atrophy with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were found out. Foam cells were observed in the smoking group. Conclusions: In our study, we determined that smoking significantly decreased prostate contraction. The findings after immunohistochemical investigation may help to clarify the effect of smoking on prostate cancer

Angioleiomyoma of the scrotal wall

Angioleiomyoma of the scrotum is a rare benign lesion which can mimic a paratesticular tumor. Any solid mass within the scrotum is considered malignant until proven otherwise. Here, we present a case of an angioleiomyoma of the scrotum in a 33-year-old male who presented with painful scrotal mass. Scrotal ultrasonography demonstrated a solid mass in the scrotum, and surgical excision was carried out. Pathologic examination revealed that the tumor was angioleiomyoma

Extracellular Trap Formation by Donkey Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Against Toxoplasma gondii

Sursal, Neslihan/0000-0002-4144-9520; Ozen, Dogukan/0000-0003-1943-2690; YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156;WOS: 000456711400001Toxoplasma (T.) gondii is an obligatory intracellular apicomplexan parasite. The donkey is one of the intermediate hosts of T. gondii. There are almost no data about T. gondii infection in donkeys, apart from a few seroprevalence reports. The aim of the study was to detect the formation of extracellular traps by donkey polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) when exposed to T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Tachyzoites were observed to be entrapped within extracellular traps (NET) structures. Myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase (NE), and histone (H3) were observed in NET structures. NE and reactive oxygen species activity increased with time and was higher in the PMN-tachyzoite cocultures. Some tachyzoites were seen close localization to the nucleus of neutrophils. Degranulation and extracellular traps were observed simultaneously in some donkey neutrophils after incubation for 1 hour. The tachyzoite invasion rate decreased in PMN-tachyzoite cocultures in comparison to the controls. NETs can negatively affect the viability of entrapped tachyzoites in addition to their action of physical entrapment. NE may play a key role in the viability of T. gondii in donkeys. The amount of extracellular DNA increased with incubation time in the PMN-tachyzoite cocultures (P < .001). This is a first report regarding the formation of donkeys NETs after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Unlike sheep and cattle PMN, degranulation and extracellular traps developed in the same neutrophil. Further studies focusing on signaling pathways may shed light on what determines the behavior of donkey neutrophils after exposure to T. gondii. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Role of NETs in the difference in host susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii between sheep and cattle

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156; Sursal, Neslihan/0000-0002-4144-9520; Babur, Cahit/0000-0002-6524-3260WOS: 000406567800001PubMed: 28669381The main aim of this study was to compare extracellular traps (NETs) formation by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) of cattle and sheep when exposed to T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro. The effects of parasite concentrations and different incubation periods on NETs development in cattle and sheep PMNs were studied. The effect of NET structures on host cell invasion by tachyzoites was also studied. This is the first report of NETs development by sheep and cattle PMNs against T. gondii in vitro. T. gondii-induced extracellular DNA production from PMNs was dependent on tachyzoite concentrations and incubation time in both sheep and cattle. Many nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were observed in sheep and cattle PMNs after exposure to T. gondii tachyzoites. The typical appearance of NETs, with MPO, NE and histone (H3) attached to extracellular DNA, was observed. Tachyzoites were entrapped within this structure. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was higher in the cattle PMNtachyzoite co-cultures than sheep. NETs structures released from sheep PMNs caused mechanical immobilisation of T. gondii tachyzoites, however, NET structures released from cattle PMNs may be lethal to tachyzoites. Bovine MPO may have a lethal effect on T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro during a 3 h incubation. Besides other mechanisms that effect on host susceptibility to T. gondii in sheep and cattle, extracellular traps formation as a part of immunological reactions may be play a role in host susceptibility to T. gondii.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK TOVAG)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [214O288]We would like to thank Prof. Dr. Serdar Diker from Department of Microbiology of Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for his excellent technical support during fluorometric analysis. We are also deeply grateful to Dr. Dogukan Ozen from Biostatistic Department of Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for his excellent support in statistical analysis. This work was financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK TOVAG, project no: 214O288). Portion of data was presented at 5th European Immunology & Innate Immunity, Berlin, Germany, July 21-23, 2016

Effects Of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 Neutralizing Antibody And Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-3 On The Development Of Tracheal Stenosis

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effects of transforming growth factor-beta 3 and neutralizing antibody of transforming growth factor-beta 1 containing polymeric polycaprolactone film formulations on prevention of stenosis in tracheal surgery. Methods: The study included 24 male Wistar albino rats (weight 200 g to 250 g). Groups were defined as A) control (n=6); B) blank polymeric polycaprolactone film (n=6); C) transforming growth factor-beta 3 containing polymeric polycaprolactone film formulation (n=6); and D) transforming growth factor-beta 1 neutralizing antibody containing polymeric polycaprolactone film formulation (n=6). Approximately a 0.5 cm vertical incision was performed on all rats between the second and fifth tracheal circles. In group A, tracheal incision was only sutured. In groups B, C and D, tracheal incision was sutured and then blank polymeric polycaprolactone film, transforming growth factor-beta 3 containing polymeric polycaprolactone film formulation and transforming growth factor-beta 1 neutralizing antibody containing polymeric polycaprolactone film formulation was placed on the tracheal incision, respectively. The rats were sacrificed 30 days after the surgery. Subsequently, tracheas of rats were examined microscopically. Epithelialization, fibrosis, angiogenesis and inflammation statuses were evaluated histopathologically. Results: The rats that were observed in terms of respiratory distress, stridor, and malnutrition for 30 days did not show any abnormal events. When the groups were evaluated in terms of inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis and epithelization, no statistically significant difference was found (p>0.05). Conclusion: The active forms of transforming growth factor have a considerably short half-life in the tissue and extracted rapidly. Bioactivity may be maintained and controlled release may be provided with preparations to be developed. Further detailed researches are required to evaluate the effect of transforming growth factor-beta 3 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 neutralizing antibody on prevention of granulation tissue after tracheal surgery.WoSScopu