Health Care Utilization by Children with Disabilities and Evaluation of Factors Affecting Caregiver Satisfaction

Aim: Health care is lacking for some level of mental disability for various reasons. The aim of this study was to examine health care utilization by individuals with severe disabilities applied to the health committee of a university hospital and to examine the factors that determine caregiver satisfaction by assessing their burden of care, quality of life, and level of burnout. Methods: Of the 840 disabled individuals who applied to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Medicine Training and Research Hospital, Rize, Turkey between January 2016 and 2019, 48 with severe disability caregivers were included in the study. Their sociodemographic information, level of health care, and caregiver satisfaction were analyzed using sociodemographic data forms. The Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Family Quality of Life Scale were used to assess the caregiver data. Results: More than half of the 48 children with severe disabilities were male (52.1%).Disabled females and female caregivers appeared to increase the level of emotional burnout of caregivers according to Maslach Burnout Inventory and Family Quality of Life Scale (p:0.01, p:0.05, p:0.02, p:0.03). Groups receiving home care was found with satisfaction. Disabled children and caregivers who were living within an urban area have significant differences with Maslach Burnout Inventory Personal Success (p:0.03). Conclusion: Disability is more of a risk for males. The sex of the disabled individual and caregiver were factors that affected caregiver burnout. Home care services increases caregiver satisfaction. Living within an urban area decreased the level of burnout on caregiver.Keywords: Caregiver burden, caregiver satisfaction, children disabilities, health care, family qualityDOI: 10.7176/JHMN/83-0

Cellular Levels and Binding of c-di-GMP Control Subcellular Localization and Activity of the Vibrio cholerae Transcriptional Regulator VpsT

The second messenger, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), regulates diverse cellular processes in bacteria. C-di-GMP is produced by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs), degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and receptors couple c-di-GMP production to cellular responses. In many bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, multiple DGCs and PDEs contribute to c-di-GMP signaling, and it is currently unclear whether the compartmentalization of c-di-GMP signaling components is required to mediate c-di-GMP signal transduction. In this study we show that the transcriptional regulator, VpsT, requires c-di-GMP binding for subcellular localization and activity. Only the additive deletion of five DGCs markedly decreases the localization of VpsT, while single deletions of each DGC do not impact VpsT localization. Moreover, mutations in residues required for c-di-GMP binding, c-di-GMP-stabilized dimerization and DNA binding of VpsT abrogate wild type localization and activity. VpsT does not co-localize or interact with DGCs suggesting that c-di-GMP from these DGCs diffuses to VpsT, supporting a model in which c-di-GMP acts at a distance. Furthermore, VpsT localization in a heterologous host, Escherichia coli, requires a catalytically active DGC and is enhanced by the presence of VpsT-target sequences. Our data show that c-di-GMP signaling can be executed through an additive cellular c-di-GMP level from multiple DGCs affecting the localization and activity of a c-di-GMP receptor and furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of second messenger signaling

A Global Metabolic Shift Is Linked to Salmonella Multicellular Development

Bacteria can elaborate complex patterns of development that are dictated by temporally ordered patterns of gene expression, typically under the control of a master regulatory pathway. For some processes, such as biofilm development, regulators that initiate the process have been identified but subsequent phenotypic changes such as stress tolerance do not seem to be under the control of these same regulators. A hallmark feature of biofilms is growth within a self-produced extracellular matrix. In this study we used metabolomics to compare Salmonella cells in rdar colony biofilms to isogenic csgD deletion mutants that do not produce an extracellular matrix. The two populations show distinct metabolite profiles. Even though CsgD controls only extracellular matrix production, metabolite signatures associated with cellular adaptations associated with stress tolerances were present in the wild type but not the mutant cells. To further explore these differences we examine the temporal gene expression of genes implicated in biofilm development and stress adaptations. In wild type cells, genes involved in a metabolic shift to gluconeogenesis and various stress-resistance pathways exhibited an ordered expression profile timed with multicellular development even though they are not CsgD regulated. In csgD mutant cells, the ordered expression was lost. We conclude that the induction of these pathways results from production of, and growth within, a self produced matrix rather than elaboration of a defined genetic program. These results predict that common physiological properties of biofilms are induced independently of regulatory pathways that initiate biofilm formation

Multivesicular cysts in cattle: Characterisation of unusual hydatid cyst morphology caused by Echinococcus granulosus

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156WOS: 000278678500025PubMed: 20207486Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis, not only often causes unilocular cysts in intermediate hosts, but also in rare cases induces formation of multivesicular cysts which have similar morphology to alveolar cysts. The aim of the present study was to characterise multivesicular and unilocular hydatid cysts in cattle using morphologic and molecular diagnostic tools. Multivesicular cysts were detected in 4 out of 1255 slaughtered cows. Four unilocular cysts were also included in the study to compare with multivesicular cyst morphology. For histopathological evaluation, tissues were fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Following a routine histological tissue-processing procedure, samples were embedded in paraffin blocks and serial sections were cut at a thickness of 4-5 mu m. For polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cyst walls and/or protoscolices recovered from six materials were preserved in 70% alcohol. Histopathologically, severity of calcification, fibrous capsule formation and giant cell layer were similar for multivesicular and unilocular cysts. However, the severity of subcapsular inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration into adjacent organ parenchyma and eosinophil leucocyte infiltration into the cyst lumen was higher in multivesicular cysts. PCR analyses revealed that all unilocular hydatid cysts as well as two out of four multivesicular cysts were G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Molecular diagnosis of the other two multivesicular structures remained inconclusive as DNAs obtained from paraffin-embedded cyst walls were fragmented to small parts, as short as 100 bp, which were not suitable for PCR analyses. In conclusion, molecular analysis concomitant to histopathological examinations is useful in differential diagnosis of multivesicular echinococcosis. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

In vitro investigation of NETosis reaction developing from dog polymorphonuclear neutrophils to Toxoplasma gondii

WOS:000560988800016Toxoplasma gondii is known to develop extracellular traps from neutrophils in some animal species such as mice, cattle, sheep, cats, and donkeys. This study aimed to investigate the extracellular trap structures formed in dog polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to T. gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Dog PMN was isolated using Percoll dilutions (45%, 54%, 63%, and 72%). After incubation with tachyzoites, the extracellular traps originating from the dog PMNs were observed in the extracellular areas. Histones (H3), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and neutrophil elastase (NE), the characteristic features of NETosis reaction, were detected in extracellular areas. The tachyzoites were observed between the extracellular trap structures. A positive correlation was detected between the parasite concentration and extracellular traps formation but they were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Time-dependent relationships were also not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The extracellular traps released in the PMN-tachyzoite culture increased until the 60th min of incubation. Reactive oxygen species, MPO, and NE activities were observed in the PMN-tachyzoite culture during the incubation period. The development of extracellular traps against T. gondii in dog PMNs is reported for the first time in this study. However, it could not be determined whether the extracellular traps released from dog PMNs only mechanically immobilize or have some lethal effect on tachyzoites.Scientific Research Unit of Kirikkale UniversityKirikkale University [2017/80]This study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Unit of Kirikkale University (grant no: 2017/80) as a part of Gunes Karakurt's Ph.D. thesis. We would like to thank Dr. Cahit Babur for the T. gondii tachyzoites

Investigation of Neospora caninum tissue cysts in cattle

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156WOS: 000394481100008In this study, it was aimed to detect N. caninum seroprevalence in 200 cattle randomly selected and to detect tissue cysts of N. caninum in tissue samples of brain and skeletal muscles of the seropositive cattle. Seropositivity of N. caninum was detected in 5.5% of cattle (11/200). N caninum tissue cysts were not observed in tissue samples of cattle examined with percoll gradient centrifugation. However, N. caninum DNA was amplified in brain tissues of two seropositive bulls (18.1%)

Comparison of Picogreen and Sytox Orange Stains in Quantitative Analysis of Extracellular Trap Formed against Toxoplasma gondii in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Sheep

Amaç: Bu çalışmada in vitro şekillenen hücre dışı tuzak yapılarının omurgasını oluşturan DNA’nın kantitatif ölçümünde iki ekstrasellüler DNA boyasının(Sytox orange ve Picogreen) etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla koyun polimorf nükleer lökosit (PMN)-Toxoplasma gondii takizoitkültürü model olarak alınmıştır.Yöntemler: Çalışma kapsamında koyunlardan izole edilen PMN ve T. gondii takizoitleri farklı sürelerde (30, 60, 90 ve 120 dakika) inkübe edilmiş vereaksiyon sonucunda açığa çıkan ekstrasellüler DNA iki farklı boya ile boyanarak ölçülmüştür.Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda 30 dakikalık inkubasyon dışındaki (p0,014) inkubasyon sürelerinde açığa çıkan DNA’nın ölçümü bakımından iki boyaarasında istatistiksel fark bulunmamıştır (p0,05).Sonuç: İki boya arasında 30. dakikadaki boyanma farklılığı önemli bulunmuştur. Bu durumun sebebinin kullanılan boyaya ait boyama özelliği ile ilgiliolabileceği düşünülmüştür. In vitro netosis çalışan araştırıcıların kısa süreli inkubasyon sonucunda şekillenen ekstrasellüler DNA’nın kantitatif analizindeiki farklı boya kullanmaları önerilmiştir.Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of two extracellular DNA dyes (Sytox Orange and PicoGreen) in quantitativemeasurement of the DNA that forms the backbone of the extracellular trap structures in vitro. Toward this aim, the co-culture of polymorphonuclearleucocytes (PMNs) and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites isolated from sheep was selected as model.Methods: T. gondii tachyzoites and PMNs isolated from the sheep were incubated for varied durations (30, 60, 90 and 120 min); the extracellular DNAreleased following this incubation was stained using two different dyes.Results: In the present study, no statistical significant difference was observed between the two extracellular DNA dyes with regard to the measurementof extracellular DNA released for all the incubation durations (p0.05), except for the 30-min incubation (p0.014).Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference at 30 min incubation time. This difference may be attributed to the staining properties of thedye. Researchers studying in vitro netosis are recommended to use two different extracellular DNA dyes for the quantitative analysis of extracellularDNA formed during short-term incubation

Teladorsagiosis in the abomasums of sheep

WOS: 000314325000012In the present study, it is aimed to detect the parasitic species responsible to macroscopic parasitic nodules in abomasums of sheep. Tissue samples taken from lesional areas of abomasums were digested with artificial digestive fluid. Then, Teladorsagia spp. larvae were detected in these tissue samples. Adult parasites collected from the lumen of abomasums were detected as Teladorsagia circumcincta (96,4%) and Haemonchus contortus (3,6%). It is thought to be important to the first report of T. circumcincta nodules in abomasums of sheep in Turkey

Prevelance of Coenurosis in Clinically Healthy Sheep

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156WOS: 000303296300037In this study, Coenurus cerebralis was detected in brain tissues of 12 of 100 sheep (12%). C. cerebralis was detected in clinically healthy sheep as 11.1%. Coenurosis was found 24% of females and 8% of males in the present study. Two years old sheep constituted 50% of the infected animals. The cysts located in the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum were 83.3% and 16.7%, respectively. C. cerebralis located in the cerebral hemispheres preferred the right side (frontal and occipital lob) as the rate of 77.8%. The clinical signs of coenurosis were shown in only one of the sheep examined. The cyst occupied in all left hemispheres of the brain in this sheep. Only one coenurus was observed in all sheep examined. The measurement of coenurus was calculated as 4 - 9.5 cm

Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of Cat Lungs Naturally Infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

YILDIZ, Kader/0000-0001-5802-6156WOS: 000288117600025Aelurostrongylus abstrusus lives in terminal respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts of lung in cat. In this study, it was aimed that the lesions in lungs of cats naturally infected with A. abstrusus were observed using scanning electron microscope. White, miliar foci were observed on lung tissue examined macroscopically. Alveolar cavities were disappeared around adult A. abstrusus body in the lung tissues examined with scanning electron microscope. Alveoli were filled with first stage larvae of A. abstrusus. Some cellular reactions were observed near to infected areas of lung tissue. Worm nodule of A. abstrusus was not consisted in lungs of the cats. Some alveolar cavities close to adult A. abstrusus filled with curled first stage larvae. These alveolar cavities were enlarged and alveolar septa were thickened