Phosphorus Cycling under different redox conditions

Phosphorus is a basic but essential nutrient element for life, as a major limiting nutrient, is also important for controlling primary productivity on geological timescales. However, P cycling is highly redox dependent through Earth history. The fate of P cycling in many environments is still not clear. This thesis is to investigate mineralogical controls on P cycling under different redox conditions. New geochemical data is reported in the low sulfate, euxinic Lake Cadagno, Switzerland, to investigate the behaviour of the phosphorus cycle. Sulfide-driven release of phosphorus from organic matter and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide minerals is re-trapped by Fe(II) phosphate to constrain the extent of P recycling, and this process is highly sulfate dependent. New experiments are designed to investigate what minerals control P cycling in the water column under different conditions. With the increase of P, Green rust is transformed to vivianite which shows that P concentrations exert first order controls on the mineralogy of Fe minerals, with strong implications for the availability of dissolved P in the water column. In order to quantify the extent of P cycling versus fixation in the sediments under different redox conditions, mass balance models are made based on 4 key redox scenarios. Analogous to those which were prevalent at various intervals in Earth history, under ancient episodes of ferruginous conditions, low flux of recycled P back to water column is controlled by both P re-uptake by Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide and the formation of Fe(II) phosphate. During the mid-Proterozoic and during Phanerozoic, under low sulfate euxinia, the flux of recycled P is constrained by Fe(II) phosphate formation. This study provides supporting evidence to the suggestion that the positive primary productivity feedback is constrained by these processes

Sustainable development for international Chinese language education along the belt and road countries in the post-epidemic era: a SWOT-AHP approach

The purpose of this study is to provide sustainable growth strategies and practical methods to realize the sustainable development of International Chinese language education along the Belt and Road Countries in the Post-Epidemic era. This article consists of a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) analysis of developing International Chinese language education in Belt and Road Countries. and in-depth interviews with experts in International Chinese language education in China. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adopted to the finalized and quantified SWOT matrix to incorporate experts’ ideas.The result showed that the total strength and total opportunity of International Chinese language education in Belt and Road Countries are much greater than that of total weakness and total threat, which indicates that the opportunities outweigh threats, and advantage outweigh disadvantage. Therefore, the growth-oriented strategy shall be applied to spur the sustainable development of Belt and Road Countries’ International Chinese language education. In addition, the setbacks should also be taken into serious consideration in order to overcome the weakness and the threat

Quantifying the amount of physical rehabilitation received by individuals living with neurological conditions in the community: a scoping review

Background: Physical rehabilitation is often prescribed immediately following a neurological event or a neurological diagnosis. However, many individuals require physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. The purpose of this scoping review was to determine the amount of physical rehabilitation that individuals living in the community with neurological conditions receive to understand current global practices and assess gaps in research and service use. Methods: This scoping review included observational studies that 1) involved adults living with a neurological condition, and 2) quantified the amount of rehabilitation being received in the community or outpatient hospital setting. Only literature published in English was considered. MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PEDro databases were searched from inception. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, followed by full texts, and data extraction. Mean annual hours of rehabilitation was estimated based on the amount of rehabilitation reported in the included studies. Results: Overall, 18 studies were included after screen 14,698 articles. The estimated mean annual hours of rehabilitation varied greatly (4.9 to 155.1 h), with individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke receiving the greatest number of hours. Participants typically received more physical therapy than occupational therapy (difference range: 1 to 22 h/year). Lastly, only one study included individuals with progressive neurological conditions, highlighting a research gap. Discussion: The amount of rehabilitation received by individuals with neurological conditions living in the community varies greatly. With such a wide range of time spent in rehabilitation, it is likely that the amount of rehabilitation being received by most individuals in the community is insufficient to improve function and quality of life. Future work should identify the barriers to accessing rehabilitation resources in the community and how much rehabilitation is needed to observe functional improvements

Five Proteins of Laodelphax striatellus Are Potentially Involved in the Interactions between Rice Stripe Virus and Vector

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type member of the genus Tenuivirus, which relies on the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) for its transmission in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. To be transmitted, virus must cross the midgut and salivary glands epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions, and as propagative virus, RSV need utilize host components to complete viral propagation in vector cells. At present, these mechanisms remain unknown. In this paper, we screened L. striatellus proteins, separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), as potential RSV binding molecules using a virus overlay assay of protein blots. The results, five L. striatellus proteins that bound to purified RSV particles in vitro were resolved and identified using mass spectrometry. The virus-binding capacities of five proteins were further elucidated in yeast two-hybrid screen (YTHS) and virus-binding experiments of expressed proteins. Among five proteins, the receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH3) did not interact with RSV nucleocapsid protein (NCP) in YTHS and in far-Western blot, and three ribosomal proteins (RPL5, RPL7a and RPL8) had specific interactions with RSV. In dot immunobinding assay (DIBA), all five proteins were able to bind to RSV particles. The five proteins' potential contributions to the interactions between RSV and L. striatellus were discussed. We proposed that RACK and GAPDH3 might be involved in the epithelial transcytosis of virus particles, and three ribosomal proteins probably played potential crucial roles in the infection and propagation of RSV in vector cells

The human red nucleus and lateral cerebellum in supporting roles for sensory information processing

A functional MRI study compared activation in the red nucleus to that in the lateral cerebellar dentate nucleus during passive and active tactile discrimination tasks. The study pursued recent neuroimaging results suggesting that the cerebellum may be more associated with sensory processing than with the control of movement for its own sake. Because the red nucleus interacts closely with the cerebellum, the possibility was examined that activity in red nucleus might also be driven by the requirement for tactile sensory processing with the fingers rather than by finger movement alone. The red and dentate nuclei were about 300% more active (a combination of activation areas and intensities) during passive (non‐motor) tactile stimulation when discrimination was required than when it was not. Thus, the red nucleus was activated by purely sensory stimuli even in the absence of the opportunity to coordinate finger movements or to use the sensory cues to guide movement. The red and dentate nuclei were about 70% more active during active tactile tasks when discrimination was required than when it was not (i.e., for simple finger movements alone). Thus, the red nucleus was most active when the fingers were being used for tactile sensory discrimination. In both the passive and active tactile tasks, the observed activation had a contralateralized pattern, with stronger activation in the left red nucleus and right dentate nucleus. Significant covariation was observed between activity in the red nucleus and the contralateral dentate during the discrimination tasks and no significant correlation between the red nucleus and the contralateral dentate activity was detected during the two non‐discrimination tasks. The observed interregional covariance and contralateralized activation patterns suggest strong functional connectivity during tactile discrimination tasks. Overall, the pattern of findings suggests that the activity in the red nucleus, as in the lateral cerebellum, is more driven by the requirements for sensory processing than by motor coordination per se