The inhibitory effect of oxathiapiprolin on development of downy mildew in cucumber depends on time of application.

<p>Detached leaves were inoculated on lower leaf surface with sporangial suspension (25 droplets/leaf) and oxathiapiprolin was applied as a spray at 0, 1, 2 or 3dpi. <b>A</b>—No lesions developed when oxathiapiprolin was applied at 0 dpi. Lesions appeared when oxathiapiprolin was applied at 1 or 2dpi, but became smaller as its dose increased. <b>B</b>—Oxathiapiprolin was applied at 3dpi. Note no effect on lesion size. Photos were taken at 6 dpi.</p

Preventive and curative effects of oxathiapiprolin on lesion development, lesion expansion and sporagiphore formation of <i>P</i>. <i>cubensis</i> in detached leaves of cucumber.

<p>See legend to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140015#pone.0140015.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a> for experimental design. <b>A</b>—Lesion size, as measured at 10 dpi. <b>B</b>—Number of sporangiophores produced at 10 dpi per 1 mm² leaf tissue as counted with the aid of a UV epifluorescent microscope. Different letters on bars indicate on significant differences at α = 0.05 (Tukey’s-Kramer HSD-test).</p

The effect of oxathiapiprolin on sporulation of <i>P</i>. <i>cubensis</i> in cucumber leaves naturally-infected with downy mildew.

<p><b>A</b>—In leaves collected from Net-house 1 on April 27, 2015 and May 1, 2015. <b>B</b>—In leaves collected from Net-house 3 on June 9, 2015 and June 14, 2015. Different letters on bars indicate on a significant difference at α = 0.05 (Tukey’s-Kramer HDS test). <b>C</b>—Close up photo showing heavy sporulation in a control leaf. <b>D</b>—Close up photo showing no sporulation in a leaf treated with oxathiapirolin of 0.0001 mg/l on June 9. Photos were taken on June 10, 2015.</p

Translaminar control efficacy of oxathiapirolin against <i>P</i>. <i>cubensis</i> in detached cucumber leaves.

<p>The compound was sprayed at a concentration of 0.0001 mg/l on the lower or the upper leaf surface and leaves were inoculated with <i>P</i>. <i>cubensis</i> on the opposite leaf surface. Disease records were taken at 14 dpi. <b>A</b>—Lesions per leaf (out of 15 droplets inoculated). <b>B</b>—Lesion size, mm. Different letters on bars indicate on significant differences at α = 0.05 (Tukey’s-Kramer HSD-test).</p

Translocation of oxathiapirolin from a treated organ to leaves.

<p><b>A</b>—Leaf 1 (in 1-leaf plants) was treated by spray. <b>B</b>—Leaf 1 (in 1-leaf plants) was treated with 10 droplets of 25 μl each. <b>C</b>—hypocotyl of 2-leaf plants was treated by spray. <b>D</b>—Soil drench in 2 leaf plants. In <b>A</b> and <b>B</b> plants were inoculated after 4 days when leaf 2 has expanded. In <b>C</b> and <b>D</b> plants were inoculate one day after treatment. Photographs were taken at 7dpi.</p

The inhibitory effect of oxathiapiprolin on cystospore germination of <i>P</i>. <i>cubensis</i>.

<p><b>A-D</b><i>In vitro</i>; <b>E-H</b><i>in vivo</i>. <b>A, C</b>—Fluorescent micrographs (with or without bright light) showing cystospore germination in water. <b>B</b>, <b>D</b>—No cystospores germination occurred in oxathiapiprolin of 0.0001 mg/l. Bars in <b>A, B</b> = 50 μm; in <b>C, D</b> = 10 μm. <b>E</b>—Scanning electron micrographs showing a germinating cystospore a control leaf. <b>F</b>—inhibitory effect of oxathiapiprolin on cystospore germination on a treated leaf. <b>G</b>—Fluorescent micrographs showing extensive mycelial growth in a control leaf at 1 dpi. Bar = 100 μm. <b>H</b>—Oxathiapiprolin inhibits zoospore discharge on a cucumber leaf surface at 1 dpi. No mycelial growth is seen. Bar = 50 μm.</p

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