Molecular diversification and preliminary evaluations of some satsuma selections’ performance under mediterranean conditions

Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) has been cultivated for a long time in Turkey, and therefore variations for agronomical traits are likely among cultivated satsumas due to bud mutations. The objectives of this study were to determine variations for some selected agronomical traits and genetic markers among 21 new satsumas derived from selections. Fruit yield, fruit quality and molecular diversification of these clones were determined. The clones of 62 Adana, 4/2 Izmir and 11/1 Izmir indicated the highest yield. The fruits obtained from all clones were heavier than the control (Owari Satsuma). Molecular analysis, as assessed with 9 random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 14 simple sequence repeats (SSR) primers, indicated that satsuma clones showed a narrow genetic base suggesting that the observed morphological polymorphism within the group must be associated with  somatic mutations which were not detected by these molecular markers.Key words: Mandarins, clonal selection, citrus

Neuroanatomical Pattern of Mitochondrial Complex I Pathology Varies between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression

BACKGROUND:Mitochondrial dysfunction was reported in schizophrenia, bipolar disorderand major depression. The present study investigated whether mitochondrial complex I abnormalities show disease-specific characteristics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:mRNA and protein levels of complex I subunits NDUFV1, NDUFV2 and NADUFS1, were assessed in striatal and lateral cerebellar hemisphere postmortem specimens and analyzed together with our previous data from prefrontal and parieto-occipital cortices specimens of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and healthy subjects. A disease-specific anatomical pattern in complex I subunits alterations was found. Schizophrenia-specific reductions were observed in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. The depressed group showed consistent reductions in all three subunits in the cerebellum. The bipolar group, however, showed increased expression in the parieto-occipital cortex, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, and reductions in the cerebellum, yet less consistent than the depressed group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:These results suggest that the neuroanatomical pattern of complex I pathology parallels the diversity and similarities in clinical symptoms of these mental disorders

Effects of double girdling applications on fruit yield, pomological characteristics and leaf carbohydrates of some lemon cultivars

In present study, the effects of double girdling on fruit yield, pomo- logical characteristics and carbohydrate content of leaves in 'Interdonato, Kibris and M. Mehmet' lemon cultivars were investigated. It was found that the double girdling applications provided 2 times more fruit yield than their controls without disturbing the fruit quality. No significant effect was found on reducing sugar, sucrose, total sugar and starch contents of leaves of girdling in the lemon cultivars except for some periods. It was found that while high level of total carbohydrates in January was not enough on its own to get high yield, double girdling application had a positive effect on the yield by rising the level of total carbohy- drates especially in July

Growth and photosynthetic response of young Navelina trees budded on to eight citrus rootstocks in response to iron deficiency

Citrus trees growing in the Mediterranean region suffer from iron (Fe) deficiency because of the presence of high levels of carbonate ions in calcareous soils. In this context we have evaluated the effects of different citrus rootstocks on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of young Navelina orange trees under Fe deprived conditions. Leaf number, shoot length, plant dry mass, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) of Navelina orange scion budded on to eight citrus rootstocks with different agronomic characteristics were investigated. Significant decreases in leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass under high pH conditions were observed. Plants on Tuzcu 31 31 and Gou Tou sour orange rootstocks were the least affected in terms of plant growth. The highest reduction in the leaf Chl content was observed in (-)Fe plants of Navelina on local trifoliate and C-35 citrange. These rootstocks also had significantly reduced PN, gS and E rates in the (-)Fe treatment. Shoots budded on Tuzcu 31 31 and Gou Tou sour oranges were the least affected by the induced Fe deficiency. © 2014 The Royal Society of New Zealand.CU-BAP-ZF2010YL30 Çukurova ÜniversitesiThis research was supported by the grant from the Çukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (project CU-BAP-ZF2010YL30). The authors are grateful to Dr Richard Rosecrance for critical reading and language correction of the manuscript

Growth and photosynthetic response of young 'Navelina' trees budded on to eight citrus rootstocks in response to iron deficiency

WOS: 000342323700003Citrus trees growing in the Mediterranean region suffer from iron (Fe) deficiency because of the presence of high levels of carbonate ions in calcareous soils. In this context we have evaluated the effects of different citrus rootstocks on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of young 'Navelina' orange trees under Fe deprived conditions. Leaf number, shoot length, plant dry mass, leaf chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, net photosynthetic rate (P-N), stomatal conductance (g(S)), leaf transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (C-i) and photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) of 'Navelina' orange scion budded on to eight citrus rootstocks with different agronomic characteristics were investigated. Significant decreases in leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass under high pH conditions were observed. Plants on Tuzcu 31 31 and Gou Tou sour orange rootstocks were the least affected in terms of plant growth. The highest reduction in the leaf Chl content was observed in (-)Fe plants of Navelina on local trifoliate and C-35 citrange. These rootstocks also had significantly reduced PN, gS and E rates in the (-)Fe treatment. Shoots budded on Tuzcu 31 31 and Gou Tou sour oranges were the least affected by the induced Fe deficiency.Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating OfficeCukurova University [CU-BAP-ZF2010YL30]This research was supported by the grant from the Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (project CU-BAP-ZF2010YL30). The authors are grateful to Dr Richard Rosecrance for critical reading and language correction of the manuscript

Rootstock effects on yield, fruit quality, rind and juice color of 'Moro' blood orange

In this study, the effects of local sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), Taiwanica (Citrus taiwanica Tan. and Shim.), Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tan.), Troyer and Carrizo citranges (Citrus sinensis Osb. x Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.) on yield, fruit quality and rind and juice color of 'Moro' blood orange variety were evaluated for two years under Adana ecological conditions. Fruit yield, fruit weight, height, diameter, index, rind thickness, juice content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, TSS/TA ratio, fruit rind and juice color were determined in order to see the effects of various rootstocks. Fruit yield was highest on Yuzu followed by Citrus taiwanica. The thinnest fruit rinds were fruits from the trees on Carrizo and Troyer in the first and the second year, respectively. Rootstock significantly affected juice content in both years. The highest juice contents were from fruits on Yuzu in the first year and on Troyer citrange for the second year. Also, there was a significant rootstock effect on total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content, highest for fruits from the trees on Carrizo. According to the hueo data, red color in rind was highest in the fruits on Carrizo and Troyer citranges and red color in color samples were highest from fruits on Yuzu and Carrizo citrange

Growth and photosynthetic response of two persimmon rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under different salinity levels

Salinity continues to be a major factor in reduced crop productivity and profit in many arid and semiarid regions. Seedlings of Diospyros kaki Thunb. and D. virginiana L. are commonly used as rootstock in persimmon cultivation. In this study we have evaluated the effects of different salinity levels on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of D. kaki and D. virginiana. Salinity was provided by adding 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl to nutrient solution. In order to determine the effects of different salinity levels on plant growth, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry mass were recorded. Besides leaf Na, Cl, K and Ca concentrations were determined. Also leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv'/Fm') and leaf gas exchange parameters including leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration rate (E), and CO2 substomatal concentration (Ci) were investigated. Significant decrease of leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass by increasing salinity levels was observed in both rootstocks. D. virginiana was less affected in terms of plant growth under salinity stress. Leaf chlorophyll concentration reduction was higher in the leaves of D. kaki in comparison to D. virginiana in 100 mM NaCl treatment. By increasing salinity levels PN, gs and E markedly decreased in both rootstocks and D. kaki was more affected from salinity in terms of leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition there was no significant difference but slight decreases were recorded in leaf chlorophyll fluorescences of both rootstocks

Determination by SSCP markers of the allelic diversity of candidate genes for tolerance to iron chlorosis in citrus germplasm

Iron chlorosis is one of the main abiotic constraints for Mediterranean citriculture and the development of marker assisted selection (MAS) for this trait would be a great aid for rootstock breeding. We performed SSCP (Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism) analysis in order to discover allelic diversity of candidate genes for iron chlorosis tolerance in citrus. Two iron chlorosis tolerance candidate genes were selected from existing Citrus ESTs databases and Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases. Iron-Sulfur assembly protein (Fe-S=AT2G16710) and root iron transporter (IRT1=AT4G19690) candidate gene sequences were used to define primers in conserved regions. Six Citrus genotypes from the basic taxon of Citrus where used to identify polymorphic areas in the genes. Direct sequencing of amplified DNA fragments of candidate genes was performed and SNPs (singlenucleotide polymorphisms) and Indels where searched after sequence alignment. A total of 2215 bp DNA fragments were sequenced and 56 SNPs and 2 Indels were determined. New primers were defined, in conserved areas flanking polymorphic ones, for Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis for further diversity and routine genotyping. Two pairs of primers were defined for each gene. SSCP-PCR analysis was performed with twenty-five Citrus genotypes. The neighbor joining method was used for cluster analysis. Poncirus trifoliata genotypes and their hybrids known to be sensitive to iron chlorosis clustered together and mandarins showed high diversity for both genes. Differences were found among sour orange genotypes known to have differential tolerance behavior to iron chlorosis

Influence of girdling on the seasonal leaf nutrition status and fruit size of robinson mandarin (Citrus reticulata blanco)

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of single and double girdling applications on the fruit yield, commercial size, quality, photosystem II (PSII), leaf chlorophyll and leaf nutrition content of 22-year-old Robinson mandarin (Citrus reticulata). Girdling treatments were performed at anthesis (when 60% of the flowers were opened) with approximately 5 mm trunk diameter in 2014. The fruit was harvested in 2014 at the optimum harvest time (in December) for fruit yield, properties and size. Evaluations of leaf mineral content, chlorophyll concentration and fluorescence measurements were performed at monthly intervals. Leaf samples were taken in eight periods for analysis of plant nutri-elements. It was determined that double girdling was the best application in terms of fruit yield and percentage of marketable fruit. The treatments did not significantly affect fruit internal quality. Girdling reduced PSII and leaf chlorophyll concentration but did not affect leaf mineral content. However, we observed a tendency toward a decrease in nitrogen levels in the girdled trees. According to the results of the present study, girdling treatments significantly affected fruit yield and size together with several macro-micro plant nutri-elements. © 2018, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary