A Case Study on Blowout and Its Control in Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin, East Coast of India: Safety and Environmental Perspective

Major blowouts in Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin have led to number of risks related to loss of human lives, environmental pollution and loss of material assets. The geological complexity of the field and the presence of over pressure zones, mainly in East Godavari sub-basin, particularly in the wells at Amalapuram, Razole and Narsapur have led to major disasters in the past years. Therefore, an attempt has been made to identify the most possible causes of these disasters and to propose a safe drilling procedure to prevent these disasters in the upcoming ventures. This paper highlights the case study of a blowout occurred in KG basin in East Coast of India. An analysis of the blowout was carried out which includes well configuration and details, mechanical equipment used for controlling the blowout, firefighting procedures, financial losses incurred. The effect of exploration and production of oil and gas on the property and environment were also discussed. Efficient drilling and safety procedures were recommended to prevent further blowouts in future. The recommendations presented will be of utmost importance for oil and gas operators and service companies to take necessary steps in future drilling operations in over pressured formations of KG basin to prevent loss to personnel, property and damage to the environment. Keywords: Blowout, Overpressures, Firefighting, Safety Procedures, Environmental Impact

A Case Study on Blowout and Its Control in Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin, East Coast of India: Safety and Environmental Perspective

Major blowouts in Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin have led to number of risks related to loss of human lives, environmental pollution and loss of material assets. The geological complexity of the field and the presence of over pressure zones, mainly in East Godavari sub-basin, particularly in the wells at Amalapuram, Razole and Narsapur have led to major disasters in the past years. Therefore, an attempt has been made to identify the most possible causes of these disasters and to propose a safe drilling procedure to prevent these disasters in the upcoming ventures. This paper highlights the case study of a blowout occurred in KG basin in East Coast of India. An analysis of the blowout was carried out which includes well configuration and details, mechanical equipment used for controlling the blowout, firefighting procedures, financial losses incurred. The effect of exploration and production of oil and gas on the property and environment were also discussed. Efficient drilling and safety procedures were recommended to prevent further blowouts in future. The recommendations presented will be of utmost importance for oil and gas operators and service companies to take necessary steps in future drilling operations in over pressured formations of KG basin to prevent loss to personnel, property and damage to the environment. Keywords: Blowout, Overpressures, Firefighting, Safety Procedures, Environmental Impact

Intestinal Structure and Injury of Extremely Premature Lambs During Artificial Placenta Support

Honors (Bachelor's)MicrobiologyUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147407/1/pyerrami.pd

Centering Family Health: Balancing family health through education and support

IMPACT. 1: 25 individuals served, 6 families served, 20 CFH sessions held, 12 volunteers engaged, Sustained program through OSU student organization, Centering Community Health Council, Upcoming Schweitzer Fellowship project in the Franklinton Community.PRIMARY CONTACT: Smita YerramilliThe Centering Family Health program provided education and social support to Starling Pre K-8 to help families gain skills and knowledge to enhance their health and wellness

DEVELOPMENT OF LONG-TERM STABLE MIXED SODIUM CASEINATE AND PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE-STABILIZED NANOEMULSIONS FOR THE DELIVERY OF CURCUMIN

Nanoemulsions (NEs) with extremely small droplet size (radius <100 nm) were found to possess characteristics that have many advantages over conventional emulsion systems. These nano-sized droplets were found to contribute to higher stability of the NEs and also found to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble bioactive components. The overall aim of this thesis is to develop oil-in-water (O/W) NEs stabilized by a mixture of sodium caseinate (a dairy protein) and pea protein isolates (a pulse protein). The mixed protein stabilized NEs were utilized to encapsulate a bioactive compound, curcumin, where the goal is to investigate its stability, delivery and bioavailability through in vitro digestion studies. Various concentrations (2.5 – 10 wt%) of sodium caseinate (SC) were used as the sole emulsifier in the development of 5 wt% O/W NEs and their long-term storage stability for 6 months was investigated. The sodium caseinate stabilized NEs (SCEs) developed in this work displayed an average droplet diameter less than 200 nm, which remained unchanged for an experimental time fame of 6 months. However, all of them displayed rapid creaming, which increased with an increase in protein concentration, in accordance with previous studies. It was postulated that excess unabsorbed protein caused depletion flocculation leading to creaming of oil droplets, which was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Calculation of depletion interaction energy showed an increase in attraction with protein concentration and decrease with a reduction in droplet size, making NEs more resistant to flocculation than conventional emulsions. Next, pea protein isolate (PPI), was utilized to partially replace SC and thereby PPIs efficacy in the formation and long-term stabilization of mixed protein NEs (MPEs) was investigated. Total aqueous phase-protein concentration of 5, 7.5 and 10 wt%, with SC and PPI in a 1:1 ratio, was used. As a control individual PPI-stabilized NEs (PPIE) were also prepared. PPI failed to produce stable flowable NEs displaying excessive droplet and protein aggregation. At higher concentrations of PPI (7.5 and 10 wt%), the emulsion transformed into viscoelastic gels. Interestingly, the mixed SC and PPI-stabilized NE did not display any creaming or aggregation and remained stable throughout the experimental timeframe of 6 months with average droplet diameter <200 nm. Results from interfacial protein composition (surface load) and SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of PPI at the interface along with SC confirming PPI’s ability to take part in droplet formation and stabilization. It was hypothesized that the mutual presence of SC and PPI during high-pressure homogenization led to interactions between the proteins, which was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence and surface hydrophobicity measurements. Interactions between the proteins not only prevented depletion flocculation effect of SC, but also interfered with PPI aggregation thereby preventing both the destabilizing mechanisms seen in individual protein-stabilized NEs. The mixed-protein stabilization could be a novel way to utilize plant proteins in the development of NEs. In the final part, the efficacy of the MPE for stability, delivery and bioavailability of an encapsulated bioactive compound, curcumin was investigated and compared to the SCE . It was seen that over 54% of encapsulated curcumin was degraded in the MPE, while only ~42% was degraded in the SCE over a period of 8 weeks. In vitro digestion studies indicated that the amount of bioavailable curcumin from SCE was slightly higher (although not statistically significant) compared to that from MPE, which was attributed to a thicker droplet interface in the mixed protein NE (due to presence of globular protein PPI), thereby making the droplet less susceptible towards protein hydrolysis by pepsin in the stomach. Overall, it was concluded that it is possible to develop mixed protein NEs utilizing PPI and SC, which displayed better stability when compared to the individual protein-stabilized NEs. The presented approach not only utilized pulse protein, PPI, in the development of NEs, but also showed good applicability in terms of encapsulating bioactive ingredients for prospective applications in food and pharmaceutical industries

Stronger Risk Controls, Lower Risk: Evidence from U.S. Bank Holding Companies

In this paper, we investigate whether U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs) with strong and independent risk management functions have lower enterprise-wide risk. We hand-collect information on the organizational structure of the risk management function at the 74 largest publicly-listed BHCs, and use this information to construct a Risk Management Index (RMI) that measures the strength of organizational risk controls at these institutions. We find that BHCs with a high RMI in the year 2006 (i.e., before the onset of the financial crisis) had lower exposure to private-label mortgage-backed securities, were less active in trading off-balance sheet derivatives, had a smaller fraction of non-performing loans, and had lower downside risk during the crisis years (2007 and 2008). In a panel spanning the 9 year period 2000--2008, we find that BHCs with higher RMIs have lower enterprise-wide risk, after controlling for size, profitability, a variety of risk characteristics, corporate governance, CEO's pay-performance sensitivity, and BHC fixed effects. This result holds even after controlling for any dynamic endogeneity between risk and internal risk controls. Overall, these results suggest that strong internal risk controls are effective in restraining risk-taking behavior at banking institutions.

The Politics of the Microfinance Crisis in Andhra Pradesh, India

The microfinance crisis in Andhra Pradesh incited controversy worldwide between those who supported and those who discredited the industry's ability to alleviate poverty. Many reporters defamed for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) as opportunists, and claimed that their fundamental deficiencies victimized the poor. This paper refutes this claim and suggests instead that the incompatibility of MFIs with the political system in Andhra Pradesh was the driving force behind the crash. A comparative analysis of the development of microfinance markets in Latin America, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, and a study of the political actors involved in the industry reveal that the crisis was primarily precipitated by political rather than fundamentally economic factors

Prospective evaluation of novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury in dogs following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and explore associations between traditional and novel serum and urinary biomarkers. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study conducted between July 2018 and April 2019. SETTING: University teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Nineteen dogs undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB with preoperative serum creatinine <140 μmol/L (<1.6 mg/dl). INTERVENTIONS: Blood and urine samples were obtained at 4 time points: preoperatively following general anesthesia induction, immediately postoperatively, and 2 and 4 days postoperatively (T(1), T(2), T(3), and T(4)). AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine ≥26.4 μmol/L (≥0.3 mg/dl) above baseline within 48 hours. Serum creatinine, C‐reactive protein (CRP), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), inosine, beta‐aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB), urinary clusterin (uClus), and urinary cystatin B (uCysB) were measured. Data were log‐transformed (log(10)) when appropriate and assessed using linear mixed‐effects models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: AKI occurred in 3 of 19 dogs (15.8%, 95% confidence interval: 0.047–0.384). Inosine increased at T(2) (adjusted mean ± standard error: 53 ± 5.6) in all dogs, and then gradually decreased. Log(10)uCysB increased at T(2) (2.3 ± 0.1) in all dogs and remained high. Log(10)CRP and log(10)uClus increased significantly at T(3) (1.9 ± 0.1 and 3.6 ± 0.1, respectively) in all dogs and remained increased. There was a significant positive association between serum creatinine and SDMA (P < 0.001, estimate ± standard error: 0.06 ± 0.00), between log(10)CRP and log(10)uClus (P < 0.001, 0.35 ± 0.08), between SDMA and creatinine as well as between SDMA and BAIB (P < 0.001, 11.1 ± 0.83 and P < 0.001, 1.06 ± 0.22, respectively) for all dogs at all time points. CONCLUSIONS: Inosine and uCysB concentrations changed in all dogs immediately following a surgery under CPB and may indicate tubular injury. Further studies are required to ascertain the usefulness of those biomarkers in early detection of AKI

Effect of different growth substances on the foliar stomata of Tagetes erecta L

The response of abaxial and adaxial stomata to various growth substances were examined in leaves of Tagetes erecta L. From stomatal studies it is clear that growth substances produced several variations in the morphology of stomata. The anomalies recorded include persistent stomatal initial, loss of one or both guard cells in a significant percentage of stomata, contiguous stomata, cytoplasmic connections, one and a half contiguous stomata etc. Significant changes in frequency of epidermal cells and stomata, size of epidermal cells and stomata and stomatal index were noticed in various treatments