Composition and Sensitivity of Residential Energy Consumption

Understanding how energy use evolves at different stages of development is essential for reliable prospective analysis and planning. With that aim in mind, this paper examines the composition of residential energy consumption and its sensitivity to income changes, distinguishing fuel types and accounting for complete heterogeneity of the income coefficient. The focus on domestic energy use allows for the examination of fuel transition under the conceptual framework of the energy ladder and energy portfolio hypotheses, showing the increasing need for modern fuels in the household sector. The results indicate a nonlinear relationship between income and domestic energy consumption that can be attributed to two factors. First, along the income distribution, consumption of modern fuels increases, replacing traditional and transitional fuels until modern fuels drive all of the growth in domestic energy demand. Second, at the highest income levels, income elasticity starts to decrease, leading to concavity in energy consumption. That is, the income elasticity of residential energy demand follows an inverse U-shape along the world income distribution. This finding suggests that at high income levels, residential energy consumption shows satiation and net savings effects, potentially implying that energy demand does not grow forever

DEPENDENCIA EMOCIONAL HACIA LA PAREJA EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS HIJOS UNICOS Y NO UNICOS

Se investigó si los hijos únicos presentan mayor dependencia emocional hacia su pareja que los hijos no únicos estudiantes de la Universidad Católica de Santa María. La muestra fue de 372 estudiantes de ambos géneros, 132 hijos únicos y 240 hijos no únicos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron, el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE) y un Cuestionario que determinó los datos demográficos. Ambos instrumentos se aplicaron individualmente a cada estudiante. Se encontró que los hijos únicos presentan el 65.9% de dependencia emocional hacia su pareja y los hijos no únicos tienen solo el 29.6%. Se halló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la dependencia emocional hacia la pareja y los hijos únicos y no únicos

Estudio comparativo de las habilidades metacognitivas, en el área de matemática, en niños de 5 años de dos colegios estatales de Lima y Cuzco

Los Indicadores de Educación por Departamentos 2007-2017 (INEI), en los niveles satisfactorios en razonamiento matemático, en el departamento de Lima obtuvo mayores resultados que el departamento de Cuzco: con un 37% a comparación de un 35.8%. Aunque el porcentaje de diferencia no es significativo, consideramos importante a la ciudad del Cuzco; debido a que según el Observatorio Turístico del Perú (2018) pertenece a las 5 ciudades más importantes del país y a la segunda más visitada. Además, existe una motivación intrínseca por estudiar estas 2 ciudades; debido a que, uno de los investigadores es de origen cuzqueño. Por esta razón, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo general, determinar si existen diferencias, estadísticamente significativas, de las habilidades metacognitivas, en el área de matemática, en los niños de 5 años de un colegio estatal de Lima metropolitana en comparación a los de Cuzco. Para esta investigación, se llevó a cabo la aplicación del instrumento EM3A, el cual constó de una serie de preguntas derivadas de una imagen que representaba gráficamente un problema contextual para los menores entrevistados. Para establecer los resultados, se organizó la información en dos variables: ciudad y género. En relación a la primera variable, los resultados reflejan que Cuzco tiene un promedio mayor en relación al grupo de estudio de Lima. Por otro lado, con respecto a la variable de género, los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los niños poseen un mayor promedio en comparación con las niñas.The Education Indicators by Departments 2007-2017 (INEI), at satisfactory levels in mathematical reasoning, in the department of Lima obtained higher results than the department of Cuzco: with 37% compared to 35.8%. Although the percentage of difference is not significant, we consider the city of Cuzco important; Because according to the Tourism Observatory of Peru (2018) it belongs to the 5 most important cities in the country and the second most visited. For this reason, the present research aims to determine if there are statistically significant differences in metacognitive skills in the area of mathematics in 5- year-old children from a state school in metropolitan Lima compared to those in Cuzco. For this research, the application of the EM3A instrument was carried out, which consisted of a series of questions derived from an image that graphically represented a contextual problem for the minors interviewed. To establish the results, the information was organized into two variables: city and gender. Regarding the first variable, the results show that Cuzco has a higher average in relation to the Lima study group. On the other hand, with respect to the gender variable, the results obtained show that boys have a higher average compared to girls

Relationship between sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics and severity of COVID-19 in pediatric patients

COVID-19 affects children less seriously than adults; however, severe cases and deaths are documented. This study objective is to determine socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory indicators associated with severe pediatric COVID-19 and mortality at hospital entrance. A multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed in 13 tertiary hospitals in Bolivia. Clinical records were collected retrospectively from patients less than 18 years of age and positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. All variables were measured at hospital entrance; outcomes of interest were ICU admission and death. A score for disease severity was developed using a logistic regression model. 209 patients were included in the analysis. By the end of the study, 43 (20.6%) of children were admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU), and 17 (8.1%) died. Five indicators were independently predictive of COVID-19 severity: age below 10 years OR: 3.3 (CI95%: 1.1–10.4), days with symptoms to medical care OR: 2.8 (CI95%: 1.2–6.5), breathing difficulty OR: 3.4 (CI95%: 1.4–8.2), vomiting OR: 3.3 (CI95%: 1.4–7.4), cutaneous lesions OR: 5.6 (CI95%: 1.9–16.6). Presence of three or more of these risk factors at hospital entrance predicted severe disease in COVID-19 positive children. Age, presence of underlying illness, male sex, breathing difficulty, and dehydration were predictive of death in COVID-19 children. Our study identifies several predictors of severe pediatric COVID-19 and death. Incorporating these predictors, we developed a tool that clinicians can use to identify children at high risk of severe COVID-19 in limited-resource settings

Understanding the Drivers of Household Energy Spending: Micro Evidence for Latin America

The paper investigates the determinants of household energy spending and energy budget shares, with a focus on understanding their non-linear relationship with income, and the presence of economies of scale. The analysis is based on a unique, harmonized collection of official household surveys from 13 Latin American countries. This dataset allows distinguishing between expenditures on electricity, domestic gas, and fuel for private transportation, providing a comprehensive distributional view of the energy spending profile of the residential sector. The estimated empirical Engel curves behave similarly; however, the derived income elasticities show marked distinctions by fuel, and their actual values depend on the households' relative position over the income distribution. For electricity, the elasticity tends to increase in income but stabilize at the wealthiest segments. For gas and transport fuel, it decreases under different income paths. In this dataset, the examination returns income elasticities on the (0,1) interval, suggesting that energy commodities are necessity goods. However, the distribution of aggregate energy expenditure needs to be considered. Specifically, there is a great concentration among the richer groups, particularly for transport fuels, where the top quintile gathers more than half of the aggregate spending. The results also indicate economies of scale - for electricity and domestic gas - with respect to family-age composition, and to a lesser extent with respect to dwelling size. In the case of electricity, these economies are more pronounced for richer households. These results join the previous literature in emphasizing the relevance of taking into account household demographic and socioeconomic trends for energy management

Understanding the drivers of household energy spending micro evidence for Latin America

The paper investigates the determinants of household energy spending and energy budget shares, with a focus on understanding their non-linear relationship with income, and the presence of economies of scale. The analysis is based on a unique, harmonized collection of official household surveys from 13 Latin American countries. This dataset allows distinguishing between expenditures on electricity, domestic gas, and fuel for private transportation, providing a comprehensive distributional view of the energy spending profile of the residential sector. The estimated empirical Engel curves behave similarly; however, the derived income elasticities show marked distinctions by fuel, and their actual values depend on the households' relative position over the income distribution. For electricity, the elasticity tends to increase in income but stabilize at the wealthiest segments. For gas and transport fuel, it decreases under different income paths. In this dataset, the examination returns income elasticities on the (0,1) interval, suggesting that energy commodities are necessity goods. However, the distribution of aggregate energy expenditure needs to be considered. Specifically, there is a great concentration among the richer groups, particularly for transport fuels, where the top quintile gathers more than half of the aggregate spending. The results also indicate economies of scale --for electricity and domestic gas-- with respect to family-age composition, and to a lesser extent with respect to dwelling size. In the case of electricity, these economies are more pronounced for richer households. These results join the previous literature in emphasizing the relevance of accounting for household demographic and socioeconomic trends for energy management