Economic freedom and effects on economic growth: A time series analysis for Turkey

Abstract. Economic freedom represents personally free economic activity level. Thus such as Fraser Insitute or Heritage Foundation the level of economic freedom in Turkey for a compound period of before and after 1980 has been constituted originally. Freedom index referred to internationally measures of organization composed of different indicators. These indicators are derived from the point of view of market economy, liberal perspective. Level of economic freedom indicated by index values are to be analyzed econometrically with another economic indicators. Other variables are human capital, income per labor stemmed from MRW Model of economic growth, physical capital etc. Results of time series analysis with ARDL Model, Cointegration Methods found out significant relationship between economic freedom and growth. Findings are differently and specifically evaluated for Turkish economy and political economy.Keywords. Economic freedom, Economic growth, Turkish economic freedom index, ARDL bound test approach, Johansen cointegration analysis.JEL. F43, N10, O10

Pricing and quality investments in a mixed brown-green product market

Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) has assumed a position of prominence for academics and industry over the last two decades. The sustainability literature shows that typically manufacturers aim to optimize their pricing and greening level decisions in a mixed (green and brown) consumer market. In this work, we capture a manufacturer’s classic dilemma on the pricing of green and brown products, and greening investments, while subject to budget constraint. We compute and analyze the variations of optimal decisions over time. Our findings underscore the importance of investing in greening technologies and learning for the survival of green products. Furthermore, we show that a manufacturer’s optimal pricing strategy is to enter the market with a lower price for the green product and to increase it over time, eventually, surpassing the price for the brown product. Our analysis reveals that the greening level attraction can nullify the effect of a high price on the green product, resulting in higher green demand than brown. Higher green product demand is a win-win situation for both the manufacturer and the environment

DfE Innovations: Product versus Process Focus

We examine DfE innovation efforts and whether they should be channeled towards product or process improvement. Product improvements would be supported by R&D efforts and better received by consumers. Process improvements would lead to lower costs but such efforts would not impact consumer preferences since they are invisible to consumers

Environmental Taxes and Green Technology Choice: The Impact of Competition and Consumer Awareness

We study important aspects of using environmental taxes to induce the firms\u27 choice of a green emissions-reducing technology in a duopoly market where customers are heterogenous in their level of concern about firms\u27 environment footprint

Managing New and Remanufactured Products to Mitigate Environmental Damage under Emissions Regulation

Emissions of greenhouse gases are not as free as they used to be. Under stringent regulations, manufacturers increasingly find that their emissions have a steep monetary, environmental and social price. In manufacturing industry, remanufacturing has an important role to play with its inherent economic, environmental and social opportunities which warrant regulatory action. In this paper, we characterize the optimal emissions taxation policy in order for remanufacturing to deliver those benefits. In particular, using a leader-follower Stackelberg game model, we investigate the impact of emissions taxes on the optimal production and pricing decisions of a manufacturer who could remanufacture its own product. We characterize whether/under what conditions the manufacturer’s decision to remanufacture under emissions regulation reduces its environmental impact (as measured by total greenhouse emissions), whilst increasing its profits (a win-win situation). On the policy side, we delineate how emissions taxes can be instituted to realize the inherent economic, environmental and social benefits of remanufacturing (the triple win of remanufacturing). Two critical components of this analysis are the issue of demand cannibalization from the remanufactured product and the low-emission advantage of remanufacturing. We further investigate the impact of remanufacturing- and society-related factors on the balance among firm-level profits, environmental impact and social welfare, where the collection rate of end-of-use products and the cost to the environment turn out to be decisive in deriving the triple win benefits from remanufacturing. Last, we extend our analyses to an emissions trading setting where emissions are regulated using tradeable permits, and investigate the economic implications of remanufacturing under emissions trading vis-á-vis emissions taxation

A Road Map to New Product Success: Warranty, Advertisement and Price

In today’s hyper-competitive marketplace, new product introduction is commonly viewed as a vehicle for profitably growing businesses, yet market success remains rare and new innovative products fail at stunning rates. Current corporate thinking identifies a number of potential reasons, one of which lies in the poor execution of marketing-mix strategies. In this paper, we analyze how best to structure the marketing strategy of a company to foster and leverage his innovative new product with a focus on three variables—namely warranty duration, advertising spending and selling price—and attempt to provide a theoretical explanation for factors that affect optimal trajectories of these variables over time. We also conduct a detailed numerical study in order to test which market- and product-related factors have the most influence on and best explain the company’s new product introduction strategy, and illustrate the associated profit impacts. Our analysis proposes a time-variant threshold on advertising spending that structures the company’s marketing strategy over time. Secondly, we point out that warranty duration and price collectively follow the pattern of the diffusion curve of the new product, but reach their maximum levels before the new product matures. We also provide guidance about the effect of such market- and product-related factors as referral power, failure rates and effectiveness of advertising spending on a company’s new product introduction strategy

The Economics of Eco-Labeling: Standards, Costs and Prices

The existing eco-label landscape is fragmented because of the presence of numerous labels with different standards and is a pre-competitive environment for firms to play in with many unanswered questions. Different standards – eco-labels are built around – have different effects on credibility and legitimacy, costs and benefits, and ability to achieve sustainability goals of eco-labeling. Focusing on eco-label standards and using a Hotelling-type horizontal differentiation model, we identify standards-specific issues for and characterize primary barriers to eco-labeling. Some of the major findings are as follows: (1) More rigorous environmental standards enforced by higher-integrity labels do not necessarily translate into higher selling prices; (2) Higher prices commanded by labeled products do not guarantee that a firm will derive higher profits from eco-labeling; (3) Auditing fees paid per product unit being inspected for ensuring compliance with an eco-label standard (rather than participation fees paid up front) is the primary de facto barrier to business involvement in eco-labeling; and (4) Customers׳ willingness to pay price premiums for eco-labeled products is not a sufficient condition to generate a premium in the market

Competition of Vertically Differentiated Products in Online Retailing

Presented at the POMS Annual Meetin

On the Effects of Antitrust Policy Intervention in Pricing Strategies in a Distribution Channel

In this article, we examine the economic and welfare ramifications of antitrust policy intervention in primary‐ and secondary‐line price discrimination in a distribution channel where downstream retailers are vertically related through a strategic upstream manufacturer. Particularly, we focus on a distribution channel where a manufacturer sells his product through retailers in two asymmetric markets. The markets are asymmetric along two dimensions: One exhibits a higher demand/profit potential than does the other; and one is a competitive market where two retailers engage in imperfect price competition, whereas the other is a captive market monopolized by one of the retailers. We characterize the effect of antitrust policy intervention in each form of third‐degree price discrimination on the pricing and selling mechanisms of channel members, consumers, and the channel profits (and hence on the total welfare) for varying degrees of asymmetry on demand potential between the two markets and the extent of product substitutability. We show that under practical demand and competition conditions, contrary to prior literature, antitrust policy intervention in secondary‐line discrimination always benefits the local retailer (the disfavored customer of the manufacturer) and yet is apt to result in a lose–win or lose–lose outcome in addition to a win–win outcome for the channel and society. Second, antitrust policy intervention in primary‐line discrimination so as to protect a localized retailer from the selective price cuts of a chain‐store retailer (rather than to protect competition) can actually result in a win–win outcome. Third, in the absence of antitrust policy intervention, consumers are always harmed by (discriminatory) pricing practices employed in a channel. Those and other findings contribute to the intense debate over the merits and goals of antitrust policy intervention in third‐degree price discrimination in distribution channels by shedding some light on the contractual relationships between manufacturers and retailers and economic forces at play

Emissions Taxes to Drive Remanufacturing to Deliver Environmental and Social Benefits

This paper examines how emissions taxes can be used to induce remanufacturing and discusses its resulting economic, environmental and social impacts. By relating important characteristics of remanufacturing (e.g., collection rate, emissions intensity) to production costs, extent of environmental damage and consumer market, we analyze the profit-maximizing policy for a monopolistic firm and the social-welfare maximizing policy for the regulator. We also identify conditions when remanufacturing can be a win-win and a win-win-win strategy under emissions taxes