ISLAM LIBERAL BUDHY MUNAWAR RACHMAN

Islamic thought in Indonesia will never end, Islam is always interesting to observe, one of which is about the birth of liberal Islamic thought in the 1970s. This started when Cak Nur gave a speech at the Eid al-Fitr gathering organized by HMI, PII, GPI and Persami. In his speech he said that Islamic thought is currently in a state of confusion, because there are many Islamic parties who want to revive an Islamic state. Therefore, Cak Nur proposed a controversial cargon, namely "Islam Yes, Islamic Party No!". The cargo became a controversy that caused divisions among Islamic intellectuals. This research is a literature study, namely research that cites books as the source, using books on Islam and Liberalism as the primary data, then secondary data is obtained through data that is related to the theme. The technique used in this research is descriptive analysis method. By analyzing primary data and secondary data, then a selection process is carried out that can find results that are in accordance with this research. The results of this research analysis are, First, liberal Islam according to Budhy Munawar Rachman includes two things, namely: the basis and nature of liberal Islam. This explains that all humans have the freedom to choose their beliefs. The two ethical principles can be a solution in answering the problems that will occur in Islam. The three principles of this method aim to develop liberal Islamic thought so that it can be a solution and provide a new discourse that maintains existing Islamic knowledge

The influence of globalization on medical regulation: a descriptive analysis of international medical graduates registered through alternative licensure routes in Ontario

The increasing globalization of the medical profession has influenced health policy, health human resource planning, and medical regulation in Canada. Since the early 2000s, numerous policy initiatives have been created to facilitate the entry of international medical graduates (IMGs) into the Canadian workforce. In Ontario, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) developed alternative licensure routes to increase the ability of qualified IMGs to obtain licenses to practice. The current study provides demographic and descriptive information about the IMGs registered through the CPSO’s alternative licensure routes between 2000 and 2012. An analysis of the characteristics and career trajectories of all IMGs practicing in the province sheds light on broader globalization trends and raises questions about the future of health human resource planning in Canada. As the medical profession becomes increasingly globalized, health policy and regulation will continue to be influenced by trends in international migration, concerns about global health equity, and the shifting demographics of the Canadian physician workforce. Implications for future policy development in the complex landscape of medical education and practice are discussed

Evaluation of the economic impact of California's Tobacco Control Program: a dynamic model approach

ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term net economic impact of the California Tobacco Control Program.MethodsThis study developed a series of dynamic models of smoking-caused mortality, morbidity, health status and healthcare expenditures. The models were used to evaluate the impact of the tobacco control programme. Outcomes of interest in the evaluation include net healthcare expenditures saved, years of life saved, years of treating smoking-related diseases averted and the total economic value of net healthcare savings and life saved by the programme. These outcomes are evaluated to 2079. Due to data limitations, the evaluations are conducted only for men.ResultsThe California Tobacco Control Program resulted in over 700,000 person-years of life saved and over 150,000 person-years of treatment averted for the 14.7 million male California residents alive in 1990. The value of net healthcare savings and years of life saved resulting from the programme was $22 billion or$107 billion in 1990 dollars, depending on how a year of life is discounted. If women were included, the impact would likely be much greater.ConclusionsThe benefits of California's Tobacco Control Program are substantial and will continue to accrue for many years. Although the programme has resulted in increased longevity and additional healthcare resources for some, this impact is more than outweighed by the value of the additional years of life. Modelling the programme's impact in a dynamic framework makes it possible to evaluate the multiple impacts that the programme has on life, health and medical expenditures

Linking medical licensing examination scores with longitudinal physician practice data using a privacy preserving protocol

Introduction Medical education and regulatory bodies do not often share performance data due to privacy concerns. Innovative approaches are needed to facilitate research while preserving security and privacy. To this end, a privacy preserving protocol was employed linking medical examination and regulatory data to examine future physician competence across the career. Objectives and Approach This study extends previous work linking de-identified Canadian medical licensing examination data with medical regulatory outcomes to answer the following question: is there a predictive relationship between licensing examination scores and post-licensure practice outcomes? A privacy preserving protocol using a third party organization was employed to link data between two disparate organizations - a medical licensing examination organization (MLE) and a medical regulatory authority (MRA). Multiple years of licensing examinations were linked to thirteen years of regulatory assessment outcomes (2004 – 2016) without identifiable data being shared to either party. Results Medical Identification Number for Canada (MINC) was used as a common identifying variable between the two organizations. First, the analytic cohort was created by linking identifying variables of the physicians of interest from both parties, thereby creating a common cohort. The third-party organization then created an encryption key using the common cohort and the MLE examination data. The key was given to the MRA and the encrypted, de-identified examination data was given back to the MLE. Lastly, the MRA data was de-identified, encrypted and transferred to the MLE for analysis. This ensured neither party had access to each other’s encrypted data and the key simultaneously. Conclusion/Implications Privacy preserving protocols enhance opportunities for novel research questions and data linkages within and across sectors; here, results from this analysis may enhance the utility of medical licensing exams by providing evidence for secondary uses. Furthermore, it will offer other physician organizations evidence to support physicians across their career trajectory

Factors Influencing Perceptions Of University Students Towards Internet Recruitment

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the perceptions of university students towards Internet recruitment. Data were collected from 250 university students from five universities through self-reported questionnaires that were e-mailed to them. The results indicate that factors such as user friendliness, information provision, and website usability are significantly related to the perceptions of university students towards Internet recruitment. Amongst the three factors, information provision appears to be the strongest predictor. It can be concluded that Internet recruitment will continue to gain prominence, and employers must pay considerable attention to their online recruitment information, appearance, features, and functions if they wish to attract the right job candidates

The Recycling and Transcytotic Pathways for IgG Transport by FcRn are Distinct and Display an Inherent Polarity

The Fc receptor FcRn traffics immunoglobulin G (IgG) in both directions across polarized epithelial cells that line mucosal surfaces, contributing to host defense. We show that FcRn traffics IgG from either apical or basolateral membranes into the recycling endosome (RE), after which the actin motor myosin Vb and the GTPase Rab25 regulate a sorting step that specifies transcytosis without affecting recycling. Another regulatory component of the RE, Rab11a, is dispensable for transcytosis, but regulates recycling to the basolateral membrane only. None of these proteins affect FcRn trafficking away from lysosomes. Thus, FcRn transcytotic and recycling sorting steps are distinct. These results are consistent with a single structurally and functionally heterogeneous RE compartment that traffics FcRn to both cell surfaces while discriminating between recycling and transcytosis pathways polarized in their direction of transport

Redox Couples of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

We report direct electrochemistry of the iNOS heme domain in a DDAB film on the surface of a basal plane graphite electrode. Cyclic voltammetry reveals Fe^(III/II) and Fe^(II/I) couples at −191 and −1049 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). Imidazole and carbon monoxide in solution shift the Fe^(III/II) potential by +20 and +62 mV, while the addition of dioxygen results in large catalytic waves at the onset of Fe^(III) reduction. Voltammetry at higher scan rates (with pH variations) reveals that the Fe^(III/II) cathodic peak can be resolved into two components, which are attributable to Fe^(III/II) couples of five- and six-coordinate hemes. Digital simulation of our experimental data implicates water dissociation from the heme as a gating mechanism for ET in iNOS