The Practice and Effect of Transformational Leadership in Achieving School Goals in the Case of Yeka Sub City Secondary School

This study investigates the effect of transformational leadership and its implementation of the school goals in three selected secondary schools of Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Thus, this research was carried out using quantitative research approach with descriptive research design. Purposive sampling was used to select principals and supervisors while probability proportional sampling technique was employed for selection of teachers. Among 225 questionnaires that were distributed 205 were returned which shows 91% response rate. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. The results of descriptive data were presented in tables, percentages, graphs, mean and standard deviation. The overall finding of the study depicted that the 4I’s components of transformational leadership practices, and the effect of transformational leadership principals on implementation of school goals were not satisfactory as teachers and supervisors responded disagreed. Primarily, the study found that the principals are not role models and charismatic to their esteemed school community, they fear decision making and not  take the right  risk , limitation of principals to welcome new thinking and possibilities: and secondly they couldn’t clearly articulate  the school vision and mission of the school for the school community, the schools have weak communication ways and systems, repetition and dropout rate of students are increasing from year to year, educational materials and equipment’s were not fulfilled in the schools. Moreover, the multiple regression analysis show that 68.4% and 75.4% of the variation in the dependent variable (drop out and repetition) respectively was explained by independent variables (Individual-consideration, Idealized, Intellectual-Stimulation, inspirational-Motivational jointly). Thus the independent variables are enough for the model prediction. In addition, the ACA and sub city education leaders involve unnecessary interference is a major problem of principals and the schools. In general, there were moderately practices of transformational leadership in the schools. Based on the major findings and conclusions, the study recommended that the schools vision must be articulated by principals and the school community, the sub city & AEB have to give on job training and follow up to implement transformational leadership practices in the secondary schools: research should be done on students repetition and drop out in those schools in relation to the principals role. Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Independent variables, Dependent variables, Challenges, School Goals. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-07-03 Publication date:March 31st 202

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Dekoko (Pisum sativum var.abyssinicum A. Braun) Yield and Yield related traits

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer levels on dekoko (Pisum sativum var.abyssinicum A.Braun) yield and yield components as well as to establish the net benefit at each fertilizer levels. The Experiment was conducted at Mekelle university Endayesus campus in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia in 2013/14. It was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. It comprises four nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer treatments combinations. Viz., Control (N0P0), 30 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 (N1P1), 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1(N2P2) and 90 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 (N3P3).The highest yield (2114.55 kg ha-1), biomass (5312.5 kg ha-1), nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency (4.58 kg kg-¹) and maximum marginal rate of return (499%) were obtained when treated with N2P2. From the present results it could be concluded that 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 fertilizer rate would be optimum treatment combination for enhancing dekoko yield and yield components, NP use efficiency, and economic profitability. Therefore, application of 60 kg N ha-1 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 is recommended for better productivity and profitability of dekoko at low soil fertility levels

Genetic Variability and Characters Association of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes Tested under Irrigation in Northern Ethiopia

Hot pepper production in most areas of Ethiopia especially in Tigray region is constrained by shortage of varieties, the prevalence of fungal and bacterial as well as viral diseases. Sixty-four hot pepper genotypes were evaluated to obtain the extent of genetic variability, association among characters. The experiment was laid out using 8x8 simple lattice design at Axum Agricultural Research center in 2017/18. Data were collected for 19 agronomic characters and analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p<0.01) among the genotypes for all characters. Fruit yield ranged from 0.8 to 4.5 t ha-1 with a mean of 2.7 t ha-1. The genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from 3.57and 3.84 for days to maturity to 42.4 and 42.9% for average single fruit weight. All the traits had moderate to very high broad sense heritability while genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) ranged from 8.34 for days to maturity to 85% for average single fruit weigh. High heritability coupled with high GAM was obtained for average single fruit weight, fruit length, dry fruit yield per plant, fruit diameter and thousand seed weight reflecting the presence of additive gene action for the expression of these traits and improvement of these characters could be done through selection. Fruit yield per hectare had positive and highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations with dry fruit yield per plant, average single fruit weight, fruit pericarp thickness, thousand seed weight, fruit diameter and fruit length, but it had negative and highly significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations with days to maturity. Estimates of genotypic and phenotypic direct and indirect effects of various characters on fruit yield showed that dry fruit yield per plant, fruit pericarp thickness had the highest positive direct contribution to fruit yield indicating that selection based on these characters will improve fruit yield. In conclusion, the research results showed the presence of significant variations among genotypes for agro-morphology traits. Therefore, it is recommended further evaluation of genotypes or hybrids that exhibited highest yield, quality and disease resistance in subsequent breeding programs to improve the productivity of the crop

Grain Yield Based Cluster Analysis and Correlation of Agronomic Traits of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes in Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted in the western Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia in three locations and three growing seasons (a total of seven environments). The objective of the study was to assess the interrelation ship of the genotypes in their grain yield and other agronomic traits. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with a total and harvestable plot size of 14m2 and 10 m2 respectively. In the experiment a total of thirteen sesame genotypes were used and evaluated for the interrelation ship of their grain yield and other agronomic traits. Based on their grain yield the thirteen genotypes were grouped in to four clusters and the maximum genetic divergence (D2= 215.57) was observed between cluster-II and cluster-III. Grain yield had a  significant and positive correlation (P<0.01) with oil content (r = 0.79), number of branches (r = 0.7) and number of capsules (r =0.68). In contrast to this, yield was  negatively correlated  with days to maturity (r = -0.58 ) and days to flowering (r = -0.11). Exhaustive assessment of the association of grain yield and other agronomic traits is indispensably important for further breeding program and enhancing grain yield of sesame. Keywords: Cluster, Correlation, Genotype, Grain yiel

Interrelationships of Sweet Potato Varieties and their Characters for Yield Determination

Seven sweet potato varieties were evaluated for their relationship (similarity and differences) in southern and eastern zones of Tigray, Ethiopia in 2012. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used for the experiment. Cluster analysis based on ward's method using Squared Euclidian distance was performed for clustering the varieties. Moreover, all characters were standardized before the distance matrix is done due to variables are in different units of characters and to minimize the effect of scale differences. The combined analysis of variance across locations showed significant variation among genotypes, locations and the genotypes by locations interaction..The superior mean total root yield (26.82 t/ha) was obtained at Kukufto testing location while the inferior yield (13.45 t/ha) was at Rarhe. Similarly, genotype LO gave the highest mean total root yield (30.9 t/ha), but bellela gave the lowest (7.78 t/ha). The AMMI analysis also showed highly significant difference for genotypes, locations and the genotypes by locations interaction. The genotype main effect contributed more to the total variability (54.1%) indicating that the variation was largely due to the inheritance of genotype effect. The genotype by location interaction was further partitioned using AMMI model and the first two principal components explained 100% of the total variability. AMMI biplot view of this study identified kukufto as best testing location and LO, Tulla and Kulfo as best genotypes for south and south east zones of Tigray region

Evaluation of Yield and Nutraceutical Traits of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Storage Roots in Two Agro-Climatic Zones of Northern Ethiopia

This study evaluated the genotype by environment interactions in the yield and nutraceutical traits of the orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) storage root in different agro-climatic zones of northern Ethiopia. Five OFSP genotypes were cultivated at three different locations following a randomized complete block design, and the yield, dry matter, beta-carotene, flavonoids, polyphenols, soluble sugars, starch, soluble proteins, and free radical scavenging activity were measured in the storage root. The results showed consistent variations in the nutritional traits of the OFSP storage root depending on both the genotype and the location, as well as on their interaction. Ininda, Gloria, and Amelia were the genotypes that provided the higher yield and dry matter, as well as the higher content of starch and beta-carotene; they also showed a high antioxidant power. These findings suggest that the studied genotypes have the potential to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. This study demonstrated a high possibility of sweet potato production for storage root yield in arid agro-climate regions with limited production inputs. Moreover, the results suggest that it is possible to enhance the yield, dry matter content, beta-carotene, starch, and polyphenols of the OFSP storage root through genotype selection

Essential Mineral Elements and Potentially Toxic Elements in Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Cultivated in Northern Ethiopia

This study investigated the influence of the agro-climatic environment of Northern Ethiopia on the content of essential mineral elements of selected orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes, the potential contribution of each genotype’s essential mineral elements to the recommended dietary allowance, and the potential risk to human health from the accumulation of potentially toxic elements in the tuberous roots of the studied genotypes. The results showed consistent interspecific variations in the content of essential mineral elements among the studied orange-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes, as well as important intraspecific differences, which could depend on the variations in soil mineral and organic matter content, rainfall, temperature, as well as interactions between genotype and environment. The investigated genotypes, especially Kulfo, Ininda, Gloria, and Amelia, can provide an amount of several essential mineral elements high enough to meet 100% of the recommended dietary allowance for all age groups ≤ 8 years. The mean content of potentially toxic elements in tuberous roots and their daily intake values were within the recommended permissible levels; likewise, no health risk was associated with the consumption of these genotypes for Cr, As, and Pb. However, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni is > 1, consumption imposes health risks based on daily accumulation

Diversity and Cultural Use of Enset (Enset ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) in Bonga in situ Conservation Site, Ethiopia

Enset plant diversity and maintenance were investigated through interviews, quantitative and qualitative plant morphological analysis, nutritional analysis and field observations. Forty-two enset varieties were identified and grouped into 6 clusters, where the wild variety was an outlier. Principal components analysis also revealed the distinctiveness of the enset varieties. The study showed that, farmers in the Kaffa zone maintain many varieties along with associated myths, beliefs, songs/poems, and medicinal and ritual significance. A multidimensional preference analysis suggested the existence of a reasonable degree of consistency among farmers in naming the varieties and utilization aspects. Diversity within and between enset varieties was found to be high, and ‘perceptual distinctiveness’ of enset varieties of which farmers were minutely cognizant was significant in the recognition of variation and therefore plays a role in selection and maintenance of the existing diversity

Response of Two Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties to Rates of Blended Fertilizer and Row Spacing at Tselemti District, Northern Ethiopia

Effects of row spacing, blended fertilizer rates, and varieties on some agronomic traits of chickpea were evaluated with the objective of investigating response of Kabuli and Desi type chick pea varieties to blended fertilizers rates and interrow spacing. The study was done using split plot design interrow spacing as a main plot, and fertilizer and variety as a subplot, where three row spacings (20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm) were assigned to the main plot while the factorial combination of four blended (NPSB) fertilizer rates (0 kg/ha, 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, and 150 kg/ha) and representative of Kabuli and Desi type chickpea varieties such as Arerti and Mariye, respectively, were assigned to the subplot. Main effect of interrow spacing did not show significant difference on many studied agronomic parameters. Similarly, main effect of blended fertilizer rates and varieties did not reveal a significant difference for the studied parameters. However, significant differences were obtained on phenology, yield components, and yield for the varieties. Blended fertilizer rates utilized in Tselemti District did not show differences in most of studied traits. Reasonable row spacing of 20 cm for both types of chickpea could be used for the studied area