PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE IN COLONY COMPLEXES OF THE MEXICAN PRAIRIE DOG (CYNOMYS MEXICANUS) IN PRODUCTIVE AND UNPRODUCTIVE GRASSLANDS

The Mexican prairie dog lives in a small (500-600 km2) area of northeastern Mexico. The species is listed as endangered due to habitat fragmentation from recent large-scale agricultural development in the northern part of its limited geographical range and from shrub encroachment in the south. In this work we aim to study the role of Mexican prairie dog in the ecology of grasslands in the southern Chihuahuan Desert. Most of the species’ colonies, particularly in the far south of its range, occur today in short grasslands that grow on low productivity, gypsum-derived soils where the rate of such shrub encroachment is reduced. A survey of the region surrounding these southern colonies indicated that this has not always been the case as evidence of the species’ occurrence on more productive alluvial soils in the past is apparent. Biomass production and seasonal prairie dog densities were measured on these low productivity soils in the south of its range and on richer and deeper alluvial soils to the north. Total biomass production was seven times greater and densities were three-and-one-half times greater on the deeper alluvial soils. Adult seasonal densities were not significantly different within a soil type during the period monitored while juvenile densities increased significantly in the summer censuses due to the birth of young. The similar seasonal densities at each site suggest that the Mexican prairie dog is resource limited. An inferential study of the development of one isolated colony on the more productive alluvial soils in the north of the species’ range showed lower prairie dog densities in the center of the colony and at the edge of the colony in the zone of recent expansion than in the area peripheral to the center. Vegetation coverage was too scarce in the center of the colony to quantify. The areas peripheral to the center and in the zone of expansion were reduced in coverage of grasses and sedges in comparison to the unutilized surrounding grassland while the palatable grass, Bouteloua gracilis, was absent in the center and periphery of the colony and increased significantly in coverage from the zone of expansion to the adjoining grassland.Such low productivity grasslands may have served as refuges for the species during previous episodes of shrub encroachment in the Holocene. In addition, the natural fragmentation of such grasslands suggested that the Mexican prairie dog might function as a metapopulation. Colonizations and extinctions were recorded at monitored areas on each soil type. The major difference between the two complexes was due to the greater productivity of the alluvial soils in the north. Consequently, three times as many young per hectare are produced on these soils, greatly increasing the probability of the species maintaining an extant colony or successfully founding new colonies there. The probability of extinction of the Mexican prairie dog is higher in the south of its range due to these lower densities and conservation of the species there should involve the systematic transplantation of individuals from colonies on the richer alluvial soils to the north.El perro llanero mexicano (Cynomys mexicanus) vive en una pequeña área (500-600 km2) del noreste de México. La especie está considerada en peligro de extinción debido principalmente a la fragmentación del hábitat, al reciente desarrollo y expansión agrícola en la porción norte de su limitada distribución geográfica y a la invasión de arbustos en el sur de su área de distribución. En este trabajo estudiamos el papel ecológico del perro llanero mexicano en la ecología de los pastizales en el sur del desierto Chihuahuense. Muchas colonias de esta especie, particularmente en la parte más sur de su área de distribución, están actualmente asentadas en pastizales cortos que se desarrollan en suelos de productividad baja derivados de yeso, donde la tasa de invasión de los arbustos es reducida. Un estudio de la región de los alrededores de las colonias sureñas indicó que esto no siempre ha sido el caso y hay evidencias de que en el pasado estuvo presente en los suelos aluviales profundos más productivos. Se evaluaron la producción de biomasa y las densidades estacionales de la especie en suelos baja productividad del sur de su área de distribución actual y sobre suelos aluviales ricos y profundos en la parte norte. En los suelos aluviales profundos la producción de biomasa total fue siete veces mayor y las densidades de los perros llaneros fueron tres veces y media más grandes. Las densidades estacionales de adultos no fueron significativamente diferentes por tipo de suelo durante el período del monitoreo, en cambio las densidades de juveniles aumentaron significativamente en los censos de verano debido al nacimiento de las crías. La similitud en densidades estacionales por sitio sugiere que la especie está limitada por alimento. Un estudio inferencial del desarrollo de una colonia aislada sobre los suelos aluviales más productivos en el norte del área de distribución de la especie, mostró densidades bajas en el centro y en el borde de la colonia de reciente expansión, en comparación con la zona periférica al centro. La cobertura vegetal también fue escasa en el centro de esa colonia. Las áreas periféricas al centro y la zona de expansión de la colonia mostraron menor cobertura de pastos y juncias en comparación con el pastizal aledaño no utilizado por la colonia, mientras que la especie de pasto Bouteloua gracilis estuvo ausente en el centro y periferia de la colonia, y aumentó significativamente en cobertura desde la zona de expansión de la colonia hacia el pastizal que la circunda.Los pastizales de productividad baja pudieron haber funcionado como refugios para el perro llanero durante episodios previos de invasión de arbustos en el Holoceno. La fragmentación natural de esos pastizales, sugiere que el perro llanero mexicano puede estar funcionando como una metapoblación. Se registraron colonizaciones y extinciones en áreas monitoreadas en cada tipo de suelo. La diferencia principal entre los dos complejos se debió a la productividad mayor de los suelos aluviales de la porción norte. En consecuencia, se producen tres veces mas juveniles por hectárea en esos suelos, lo que aumenta mucho la probabilidad de que la especie mantenga una colonia establecida o de fundar con éxito nuevas colonias en esos suelos. La probabilidad de extinción del perro llanero mexicano es mas alta en el sur de su área de distribución debido a estas densidades mas bajas y su conservación ahí deberá de incluir el trasplante sistemático de individuos desde las colonias de los suelos aluviales productivos de la parte norte

Multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of laparoscopy-assisted ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Background and Aims The obesity epidemic has led to increased use of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). These patients have an increased incidence of pancreaticobiliary diseases yet standard ERCP is not possible due to surgically altered gastroduodenal anatomy. Laparoscopic-ERCP (LA-ERCP) has been proposed as an option but supporting data are derived from single center small case-series. Therefore, we conducted a large multicenter study to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and outcomes of LA-ERCP. Methods This is retrospective cohort study of adult patients with RYGB who underwent LA-ERCP in 34 centers. Data on demographics, indications, procedure success, and adverse events were collected. Procedure success was defined when all of the following were achieved: reaching the papilla, cannulating the desired duct and providing endoscopic therapy as clinically indicated. Results A total of 579 patients (median age 51, 84% women) were included. Indication for LA-ERCP was biliary in 89%, pancreatic in 8%, and both in 3%. Procedure success was achieved in 98%. Median total procedure time was 152 minutes (IQR 109-210) with median ERCP time 40 minutes (IQR 28-56). Median hospital stay was 2 days (IQR 1-3). Adverse events were 18% (laparoscopy-related 10%, ERCP-related 7%, both 1%) with the clear majority (92%) classified as mild/moderate whereas 8% were severe and 1 death occurred. Conclusion Our large multicenter study indicates that LA-ERCP in patients with RYGB is feasible with a high procedure success rate comparable with that of standard ERCP in patients with normal anatomy. ERCP-related adverse events rate is comparable with conventional ERCP, but the overall adverse event rate was higher due to the added laparoscopy-related events

Searching for stochastic gravitational waves using data from the two colocated LIGO Hanford detectors

Searches for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) using terrestrial detectors typically involve cross-correlating data from pairs of detectors. The sensitivity of such cross-correlation analyses depends, among other things, on the separation between the two detectors: the smaller the separation, the better the sensitivity. Hence, a colocated detector pair is more sensitive to a gravitational-wave background than a noncolocated detector pair. However, colocated detectors are also expected to suffer from correlated noise from instrumental and environmental effects that could contaminate the measurement of the background. Hence, methods to identify and mitigate the effects of correlated noise are necessary to achieve the potential increase in sensitivity of colocated detectors. Here we report on the first SGWB analysis using the two LIGO Hanford detectors and address the complications arising from correlated environmental noise. We apply correlated noise identification and mitigation techniques to data taken by the two LIGO Hanford detectors, H1 and H2, during LIGO’s fifth science run. At low frequencies, 40–460 Hz, we are unable to sufficiently mitigate the correlated noise to a level where we may confidently measure or bound the stochastic gravitational-wave signal. However, at high frequencies, 460–1000 Hz, these techniques are sufficient to set a 95% confidence level upper limit on the gravitational-wave energy density of Ω(f) < 7.7 × 10[superscript -4](f/900  Hz)[superscript 3], which improves on the previous upper limit by a factor of ~180. In doing so, we demonstrate techniques that will be useful for future searches using advanced detectors, where correlated noise (e.g., from global magnetic fields) may affect even widely separated detectors.National Science Foundation (U.S.)United States. National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationCarnegie TrustDavid & Lucile Packard FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundatio

ECOMORPHOLOGY AND HABITAT UTILIZATION OF ECHINOCEREUS ENGELMANNII AND E. TRIGLOCHIDIATUS (CACTACEAE) IN SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA

Volume: 42Start Page: 353End Page: 35

CHANGES IN MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PINUS ENGELMANNII OVER AN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT IN DURANGO, MEXICO

Volume: 30Start Page: 168End Page: 17

Searching for stochastic gravitational waves using data from the two colocated LIGO Hanford detectors

Searches for a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) using terrestrial detectors typically involve cross-correlating data from pairs of detectors. The sensitivity of such cross-correlation analyses depends, among other things, on the separation between the two detectors: the smaller the separation, the better the sensitivity. Hence, a colocated detector pair is more sensitive to a gravitational-wave background than a noncolocated detector pair. However, colocated detectors are also expected to suffer from correlated noise from instrumental and environmental effects that could contaminate the measurement of the background. Hence, methods to identify and mitigate the effects of correlated noise are necessary to achieve the potential increase in sensitivity of colocated detectors. Here we report on the first SGWB analysis using the two LIGO Hanford detectors and address the complications arising from correlated environmental noise. We apply correlated noise identification and mitigation techniques to data taken by the two LIGO Hanford detectors, H1 and H2, during LIGO’s fifth science run. At low frequencies, 40–460 Hz, we are unable to sufficiently mitigate the correlated noise to a level where we may confidently measure or bound the stochastic gravitational-wave signal. However, at high frequencies, 460–1000 Hz, these techniques are sufficient to set a 95% confidence level upper limit on the gravitational-wave energy density of Ω(f)<7.7×10−4(f/900  Hz)3, which improves on the previous upper limit by a factor of ∼180. In doing so, we demonstrate techniques that will be useful for future searches using advanced detectors, where correlated noise (e.g., from global magnetic fields) may affect even widely separated detectors