Identification of Normal Retina's Variations in Kars Shepherd Dogs via Fundoscopic Examination

The purpose of this study was to use fundoscopic examination to identify normal variations in the retinas of Kars Shepherd Dogs, which are raised in northeastern Turkey, particularly in the province of Kars and the surrounding area. The study was carried out on 50 healthy Kars Shepherd Dogs of different ages and genders. The tapetal fundus was observed to be granular and green-yellow-blue in color, while the nontapetal fundus was observed to be dark colored (dark brown). No statistically significant difference was found between male and female (P > 0.05) for the existence of these granules in the tapetal region. The optic disc was found to be light pink in color and oval in shape with rounded corners. Although the disc was generally located in the tapetal region, it was also found to be located at the intersection of the tapetal and nontapetal regions. No statistically significant difference was found between the dogs regarding the location of the optical disc with respect to the age or gender of the dogs (P > 0.05). In conclusion, Kars Shepherd Dogs were found to have a granular, green-yellow-blue tapetum, a dark colored non-tapetum, and an optic disc that was light pink in color and oval in shape with rounded corners; therefore we arrived at the conclusion that the color and variations that we found were breed-specific, as were the other morphological characteristics

Clinical, Biochemical and Haemodynamic Effects of the Intrathecal Ketamine for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches

Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.</jats:p