The Changes in Maternal Mortality in 1000 Counties in Mid-Western China by a Government-Initiated Intervention

BACKGROUND: Since 2000, the Chinese government has implemented an intervention program to reduce maternal mortality and eliminate neonatal tetanus in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals 5. To assess the effectiveness of this intervention program, we analyzed the level, trend and reasons defining the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the 1,000 priority counties before and after implementation of the intervention between 1999 and 2007. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The data was obtained from the National Maternal and Child Health Routine Reporting System. The intervention included providing basic and emergency obstetric equipment and supplies to local medical hospitals, and also included providing professional training to local obstetric doctors, development of obstetric emergency centers and "green channel" express referral networks, reducing or waiving the cost of hospital delivery, and conducting community health education. Based on the initiation time of the intervention and the level of poverty, 1,000 counties, containing a total population of 300 million, were categorized into three groups. MMR significantly decreased by about 50%, with an average reduction rate of 9.24%, 16.06%, and 18.61% per year in the three county groups, respectively. The hospital delivery rate significantly increased. Obstetric hemorrhage was the leading cause of maternal deaths and significantly declined, with an average decrease in the MMR of 11.25%, 18.03%, and 24.90% per year, respectively. The magnitude of the MMR, the average reduction rate of the MMR, and the occurrence of the leading causes of death were closely associated with the percentage of poverty. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The intervention program implemented by the Chinese government has significantly reduced the MMR in mid-western China, suggesting that well-targeted interventions could be an efficient strategy to reducing MMR in resource-poor areas. Reduction of the MMR not only depends on conducting proven interventions, but also relies on economic development in rural areas with a high burden of maternal death

Antalya consensus on perinatal care: The report of the 2nd World Congress of Perinatal Medicine for Developing Countries, 1-5 October 2002, Antalya, Turkey

The goal of antenatal care is to help the mother to maintain her wellbeing and achieve a healthy outcome for herself and her infant. Education about pregnancy, childbearing and childrearing is an important part of antenatal care. Because of the perception that pregnancy is a physiologic event, even today lots of women do not seek medical care until a problem occurs during their pregnancy

Observation of the vortical flow over a yawed delta wing

The development and formation of the leading-edge vortices due to the change in the angle of attack, ?, and yaw angle, ?, for a unique cross-flow plane at a dimensionless distance of x/C=0.8 from the apex of the stationary delta wing with a sweep angle of ?=40 were observed using stereoscopic particle-image velocimetry (stereo-PIV). In addition, the experiments were conducted on three different cross-flow planes such as x/C=0.6, 0.8, and 1 using dye visualization to reveal the development of leading-edge vortices over the delta wing. The angle of attack was varied within the range of 7???17 and the yaw angle was varied within the range of 0???8. The vortical flow structure and loadings toward the wing surface due to the fluctuations and unsteadiness in the flow structure near the delta wing are investigated using time-averaged parameters such as streamlines, contours of vorticity distributions, Reynolds stress correlations, distributions of turbulent kinetic energy, vertical velocity, and RMS of vertical velocity fluctuations. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers

Effects of Trailing-Edge Attachment on the Flow Structure over a Generic Delta Wing

The objective of this work is to reveal the significance of a trailing-edge attachment on the flow structure over a generic nonslender delta wing using the dye visualization technique on the top-view plane. Instantaneous images are acquired by stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV) to calculate time-averaged flow data, with angle of attack, ?, and yaw angle, ?, are varied within 7°???17° and 0°???15°, respectively. It is shown that time-mean locations of vortex breakdown for the nonslender delta and lambda wings occur in the field close to the wings. As a result, no remarkable alteration is observed for the spatial locations of the vortex breakdown. The experiments also show that the ?, which is a crucial parameter, alters the flow structure over the nonslender delta wing substantially compared with the lambda wing. It is concluded that the trailing-edge attachment plays vital role when ? becomes effective. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers

The effect of angle of attack on the flow structure over the nonslender lambda wing

The aim of the current study at first stage is to demonstrate the general flow structure qualitatively using the dye visualization technique. Secondly, the instantaneous flow data taken by a Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (stereo-PIV) over a stationary nonslender lambda wing is used to determine the time-averaged flow topology in order to provide detailed information about crucial events like formation of leading edge vortices and vortex breakdown in plan-view planes and cross-flow planes. The flow structure close to the lambda wing surface and development of the vortex breakdown are investigated as functions of angles of attack within the range of 7°???17°. Experimental analyses are composed of time-averaged patterns of streamlines, vorticity contours, transverse and streamwise velocity components, Reynolds-stress correlations, distribution of fluctuating velocities, and turbulent kinetic energy. Results show that the angle of attack has a substantial influence on the flow behavior on the nonslender lambda wing surface. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.105M225 National Council for Scientific ResearchThe financial support of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under project No. 105M225 is gratefully acknowledged

Dye visualization of the flow structure over a yawed nonslender delta wing

The formation and development of leading-edge vortices, vortex breakdown, and three-dimensional separation and stall of the complex and disorganized flow structure over the delta wing was studied. Experiments were conducted on a large-scale circulating free-surface water channel. The internal dimensions of the water channel were 8000 × 1000 × 750 mm, which was made from a 15-mm-thick transparent Plexiglas sheet with upstream and downstream fiberglass reservoirs. A fluorescent dye, which shined under the laser sheet, was used to create color change in the water to visualize flow characteristics over the delta wing during the dye experiments. The video camera was used to capture the instantaneous video images of the vortex flow structures. The location of vortex breakdown moves toward the apex of the delta wing rapidly when the angle of attack increases slightly. The vortex on the leeward side of the delta wing is maintained by the leading-edge vortices as well as being supported by the flow coming from the top side of the delta wing.105M225The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for funding under project no. 105M225