Vacuum straw tracker test beam run

This memorandum of understanding requests beam time at Fermilab during the 2005 Meson Test Beam run to measure the detection inefficiency of vacuum straw tubes. One of the future kaon experiments at J-PARC has the goal to measure the branching ratio of the neutral kaon ''Golden Mode'' K{sub L} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} with a few hundred event sensitivity. This future J-PARC experiment is a follow up of a current KEK experiment, E391a which has been taking data since February 2004. E391a is a collaboration of five countries (Japan, United States, Russia, Korea, and Taiwan) with ten institutions (KEK, Saga U, Yamagata U, Osaka U, U of Chicago, Pusan U, JINR, NDA, Kyoto U, National Taiwan U, and RCNP). The branching ratio of K{sub L} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} {nu} {nu} is small, about 3 x 10{sup -11}. To first order, all kaon decays with final states with charged particles need to be vetoed, and those include K{sub e3}, K{sub {mu}3}, and K{sub {+-}0} (about 80% of all neutral kaon decay). The standard and typical veto power comes from sheet scintillator and may not be adequate. Vacuum straw tubes provides additional, independent and orthogonal veto power, but the detection inefficiency has not been known or measured in a detail way. The inefficiency of the straw has three sources, the electronics, the straw wall/wire, and the gas. We like to perform beam test to measure all three sources. There is much experience in straw detector technology, and some in vacuum straw technology (CKM R&D effort). The possible use of straws in the future K{sub L} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} {nu} {nu} experiment will allow absolute photon/electron energy calibration (via K{sub {+-}0} decays), possible measurement of photon inefficiencies (via K{sub 000} with {pi}{sup 0} Dalitz), and as mentioned, charged particle veto. The results of this proposed beam test will provide new knowledge on the absorption cross section and will direct us on design issues for future neutral kaon decay experiments. Regarding the straws, lots of R&D work has been done by the CKM collaboration, and we plan to use as much existing straws setup and related equipment as possible

Gastric emptying in humans; carbohydrate ingestion, gastrointestinal hormones and genetic variation

The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to rise substantially across the world. It is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and is associated with a large number of comorbidities that present a perpetual burden on healthcare costs. Much of the recent work to understand and address the problem of obesity has focused on the role of gastrointestinal hormones on the regulation of appetite, satiety, and food intake, and how interventions such as physical activity and exercise can affect the secretion of these hormones. However, the gastrointestinal system and the role of gastric emptying are often overlooked. The aim of this thesis was to enhance understanding of the physiology and regulation of gastric emptying and its interactions with carbohydrates. This will help in the development of novel non-pharmacological dietary interventions or foods that can modulate appetite and energy intake. A series of studies on human volunteers are presented in this thesis. Firstly, the gastric emptying rate of different 6% simple sugar solutions (water control, fructose, glucose, sucrose, 50:50 fructose and glucose) and gut hormone responses of circulating acylated ghrelin, active glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and insulin were investigated. Hepatic metabolism and function in response to the different simple sugar solutions were also examined. The time of maximal gastric emptying rate (Tlag) differed significantly between between sucrose and glucose solutions. Differences in insulin and GIP responses between fructose containing solutions and glucose only solutions were also seen. No differences in hepatic metabolism measures or function were observed following the intake of 36 g of the various test sugars. However, lactate production was significantly greater for fructose containing solutions. Following on from these results, the effect of increased dietary fructose intake on gastric emptying rate of glucose and fructose was investigated. Three days supplementation with 120g/d fructose resulted in acceleration of gastric emptying rate of a fructose but not a glucose solution. No significant differences in the circulating concentration of gastrointestinal hormones, but subtle differences in responses over time were suggested which may explain the specific monosaccharide adaptations of gastric emptying. Further work is required to confirm this and to investigate the longevity and reversibility of the gastrointestinal adaptation and the mechanism involved. Lastly, several tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the GLP-1 receptor gene were associated with gastric emptying rate. Further work is required on the regions identified to pinpoint the exact SNP or SNPs responsible

Reputation methods for routing security for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobileadhocnetworkshaveinherentlyverydi#erentpropertiestoconventionalnetworks. Thesenewcharacteristics presentmajorsecurityvulnerabilities;inparticular,oneside e#ectoftheuniquewayinwhichroutingprotocolsoperate inadhocnetworksisthatmanynewthreatsarise.Selfishnodesarethosewhichdonotperformcertainopera - tionsthattheprotocolspecifiesthattheyshould,througha wishtoconservepower.Maliciousnodesmaydeliberately disruptthenetworkusingavarietyofattacks.Thispaper discussesreputationmechanismswhichhavebeensuggested asameanstomitigatethedetrimentale#ectofselfishand maliciousnodes.Thispaperrevealsreasonswhycomplex reputationsystemsmaybetooine#cienttouseinamobileadhocnetwork, whereresourcesarelimited.However, suggestionsarealsomadetoshowhowasimplereputation systemmightbeusedtoenhancetherobustnessofadhoc networks

Accurate IMU Preintegration Using Switched Linear Systems For Autonomous Systems

Employing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) as an additional sensor can dramatically improve both reliability and accuracy of visual/Lidar odometry (VO/LO). Different IMU integration models are introduced using different assumptions on the linear acceleration from the IMU. In this paper, a novel IMU integration model is proposed by using switched linear systems. The proposed approach assumes that both the linear acceleration and the angular velocity in the body frame are constant between two consecutive IMU measurements. This is more realistic in real world situation compared to existing approaches which assume that linear acceleration is constant in the world frame while angular velocity is constant in the body frame between two successive IMU measurements. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art IMU integration model. The proposed model is thus important for localization of high speed autonomous vehicles in GPS denied environments.Comment: 19 pages, 2 Figures, Accepted for publication by the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC 2019). Additionally, Supplementary Derivations on the Pape

The effect of glucose or fructose added to a semi-solid meal on gastric emptying rate, appetite and blood biochemistry

The ingestion of fructose is of interest due to previously reported differences in gastrointestinal, appetite, and metabolic effects when compared to glucose ingestion when ingested in liquid solution. The aim of this study was to examine these variables when fructose and glucose are added to a semi-solid meal. Seven healthy male participants completed three experimental trials involving the ingestion of 300 mL of semi-skimmed milk mixed with 40 g of instant porridge mix (CON) and with the addition of either 40 g of glucose (GLU) or fructose (FRU). Subjective feelings of appetite were assessed for 2 h after ingestion with blood samples collected at regular intervals. Gastric emptying rate was assessed using the 13C breath test method. Half emptying time was not different between trials (CON = 159 ± 51 min; GLU = 197 ± 46 min; FRU = 198 ± 67 min: P = 0.117). No differences were observed for any subjective measurements of appetite (P > 0.05) while blood glucose was elevated (P < 0.05) 20 min after ingestion on both GLU and FRU with this tending to be higher on GLU than FRU. FRU resulted in greater (P < 0.05) blood lactate concentrations than on the other trials. The results of this study demonstrate that gastric emptying rate of glucose and fructose is similar when ingested in a semi-solid meal. In addition, there is little difference in appetite response between these sugars, however, there are some differences in metabolic response which deserve further study

A Comparison of Intermittent and Continuous Exercise Bouts at Different Intensities on Appetite and Postprandial Metabolic Responses in Healthy Men

Exercise intensity affects many potential postprandial responses, but there is limited information on the influence of exercise modality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if the nature of exercise at two different intensities would affect gastric emptying rate (GER), appetite and metabolic responses following ingestion of a semi-solid meal. Twelve healthy men completed, in a random order, four 60-min cycles at 60% VO2peak (MOD), 40% VO2peak (LOW) and in a continuous (CON) or intermittent (INT) manner. INT consisted of 20 × 1-min exercise bouts with 2-min rest breaks. INT and CON were matched for total work output at each intensity. GER of the post-exercise meal was measured for 2 h using the 13C-breath method. Blood glucose, substrate utilisation and appetite ratings were measured at regular intervals throughout all trials and 24-h energy intake (EI) post-trials was assessed. GER-Delta over Baseline (DOB) was lower (p 0.05). 24-h post-trial EI was similar between LOW-CON vs. LOW-INT (p > 0.05), although MOD-INT vs. MOD-CON 3500 ± 1419 vs. 2556 ± 989 kCal: p < 0.001 was elevated. In summary, MOD-INT exercise delays GER without stimulating perceived appetite in the 2 h period after meal ingestion, although EI was greater in the 24-h post-trial