Influência do ácido caprílico suplementado na ração de juvenis de jundiá Rhamdia quelen no controle de Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultur

Energy budgets for juvenile Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed different diets

Energy budgets for juvenile Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (1.7-4.0 g ) fed with different diets were assessed. The energy partitioning between growth, respiration, ammonia excretion, feces and exuvia was calculated to estimate for total food energy intake. Shrimp oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were quantified in sealed chambers (25°C, 34 ppt). Energy allocated for growth and feces were obtained from the wet combustion of whole body and feces samples, exuvia was estimated as 10% growth energy. Three diets were tested: 100% chopped fish (Fish), 100% commercial feed (Feed), and 50-50% chopped fish and commercial feed (Mix). Most of the energy from the diets was channeled into respiration (49.7-70.5%). Shrimp fed the Feed diet used more energy in growth (24.4%) than those fed Mix (13.4%) or Fish diets (13.2%), either in absolute (joule) or relative (% of ingested energy) terms. Conversely, energy loss as ammonia excretion was lower in shrimp fed Feed (1.0%) compared to shrimp fed Mix (4.2%) or Fish diets (7.8%). Less energy was lost in feces by shrimp fed Fish diet (7.3%) compared to Mix (20.2%) and Feed diets (22.2%). The calculated energy intake by shrimp fed Fish, Mix and Feed were 0.995, 1.100, and 1.255 kJ ind-1day-1, respectively. According to the O:N atomic ratios (oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted), protein tented to be the predominant substrate catabolized by shrimp fed Fish (O:N=16±5.2), and Mix (O:N=25±11.6), with increasing use of carbohydrates and/or lipids in the Feed (O:N=74±37.3). Results suggest diet composition may affect energy budget and partitioning differently between metabolism and growth either in absolute or relative terms, as shrimp fed Fish and Mix diets used protein as main substrate for metabolism, whereas shrimp fed Feed diet channeled protein for growth, and lipids and carbohydrates for other metabolic functions

Citogenotoxic response of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) reared in two different systems

A produção da aquicultura vem crescendo em todo o mundo e o cultivo de peixes marinhos no Brasil é ainda muito recente. Condições intensivas de aquicultura podem causar estresse fisiológico ao organismo do cultivo, o que pode ser avaliado por biomarcadores citogenotóxicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito genotóxico das condições de cultivo nos eritrócitos de juvenis de beijupirás Rachycentron canadum usando o ensaio cometa e o ensaio de micronúcleo e outras anormalidades nucleares. Juvenis de beijupirá foram cultivados por 13 semanas em um tanque indoor com circulação aberta de água e em um tanque-rede. O ensaio comera e o ensaio de anormalidades nucleares detectaram um maior dano ao DNA e uma maior frequência de anormalidades nucleares em eritrócitos de peixes cultivados no tanque indoor. Results showed that two methods are complementary. Além disso, beijupirás foram injetados com β-naftoflavona (BNF) nas concentrações de 2mgkg-1 e 10mgkg-1 em condições controladas de laboratório e mantidos por 7 dias em tanques separados para um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de resposta dessa espécie a uma substância tóxica. O ensaio cometa não detectou nenhuma diferença significativa entre os peixes injetados com BNF e os da condição controle, enquanto que o ensaio das anormalidades nucleares apresentaram diferenças significativas entre peixes injetados com BNF e os do controle. Os danos identificados pelo ensaio cometa são quebras reparáveis na fita do DNA, enquanto que as anormalidades nucleares são permanentes. Possivelmente, o período de de manutenção dos peixes nos tanques após a injeção foi suficiente para limpar a BNF dos organismos e reparar as quebras na fita do DNA. Como os beijupirás parecem responder muito bem a compostos genotóxicos, o ensaio cometa e o ensaio de anormalidades nucleares podem ser ferramentas úteis para monitorar as condições de cultivo.Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of the rearing conditions in red blood cells of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum by using comet assay and micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities assay. Juvenile cobia were reared for 13 weeks in indoor tank with open water circulation and in near shore cage. The comet assay and the nuclear abnormalities assay detected higher DNA damage and higher nuclear abnormalities frequency in erythrocytes of fish reared in the indoor tank. Results showed that two methods are complementary. Additionally, cobia were injected with ß-naphthoflavone (BNF) at concentrations of 2mgkg-1 and 10mgkg-1 in laboratory controlled conditions, and maintained for 7 days in separate tanks to better understand the response mechanisms of this species to a toxic substance. The comet assay did not detect any significant differences between BNF injected and control fish, whereas nuclear abnormalities assay showed significant differences between BNF injected and the control groups. The damages identified by the comet assay are repairable breaks in the DNA strands, whereas nuclear abnormalities may be permanent. Possibly the period of maintenance after injection was enough to clean BNF from the organisms and to repair the breaks in the DNA strands. As cobia seems to respond very well to genotoxic elements, comet assay and nuclear abnormalities assay would be useful tools to monitor farming conditions

In vitro digestion of protein and phosphorus with species-specific digestive enzymes: potential for method development and application in the aquaculture of fish species

Esta tese teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de método in vitro pH-stat com enzimas espécie-específicas, avaliando a digestão de proteína (PB) e fósforo (P) em peixes, para prever a digestibilidade in vivo. As espécies utilizadas como modelos experimentais foram a truta arco-íris, Oncorhynchus mykiss, o bijupirá, Rachycentron canadum e a tilápia-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Extratos enzimáticos foram obtidos de estômago, cecos pilóricos (truta e bijupirá) ou intestino (tilápia) de indivíduos de diferentes tamanhos e estado alimentar. A capacidade hidrolítica das enzimas foi padronizada utilizando substratos protéicos de grau analítico por meio da determinação do grau de hidrólise protéica (DH) em ensaio pH-stat. Ingredientes práticos foram hidrolisados com extrato enzimático de (i) estômago, (ii) cecos pilóricos (truta e bijupirá)/intestino (tilápia) ou (iii) estômago seguido de cecos pilóricos/intestino (dupla hidrólise) para determinar os valores de DH. O método de determinação de DH apresenta baixo coeficiente de variação, e pode ser uma ferramenta útil no ranqueamento e no controle de qualidade de ingredientes práticos. O P solúvel liberado de amostras de nove rações comerciais para tilápia, com níveis de garantia similares (32% proteína bruta, 4-6 mm) submetidos à digestão in vitro com extrato de estômago, intestino ou dupla hidrólise foram avaliados. Os extratos enzimáticos foram obtidos de tilápias cultivadas em condições comerciais em tanque-rede. Liberação de P solúvel foi determinada em amostras incubadas somente em água destilada (pH 6.4 &plusmn; 0.4), em água destilada a pH 2.0, pH 8.0, e sequencialmente em pH 2.0 e 8.0. Amostras também foram incubadas nesses valores de pH e incluindo os extratos enzimáticos de estômago e intestino separada e sequencialmente (dupla hidrólise). A liberação de P solúvel após digestão do estômago foi maior do que após digestão do intestino ou após dupla hidrólise. A digestibilidade do P parece estar relacionada mais ao pH do meio do que à hidrólise enzimática. Correlações significativas (P0,05). Valores de DH não apresentaram correlação significativa (P>0,05) com CDA PB, mas foi possível discriminar entre os maiores e menores valores de CDA PB. A liberação in vitro de P solúvel em água destilada e após digestão intestinal demostraram correlação significativa (P0.05). The in vitro DH did not correlate significantly (P>0.05) with ADC of CP, but it was possible to discriminate between the highest and lowest ADC of CP. In vitro release of soluble P in distilled water and after digestion with intestine extract correlated significantly (P<0.05) with total feed P and available P. Further studies are necessary to increase analytical precision of the AIA determination and also to improve methods to predict in vivo digestibility values with in vitro methods for protein and phosphorus

Evaluation of the Microalgae Paste Viability Produced in a Mollusk Hatchery in Southern Brazil

The present study was conducted to define a methodology to produce and store small-scale microalgae paste to be used in a mollusk hatchery. Microalgae were cultured in 500 L fiberglass tanks, under temperature of 20 ± 2 C, Guillard f/2 culture medium, and continuous light intensity of 203–226 μmol photons/m2/sec. Cultures were centrifuged at 2000 g at the exponential growth phase. Microalgae cell quality after centrifugation and during storage was determined by analyses with Evan’s blue stain and by counting the number of total marine bacteria. Treatments with and without additive were applied to the microalgae paste produced, which was distributed into 100 mL plastic containers, capped, and stored under refrigeration at 4 ± 1 C. Results indicated that in the Chaetoceros muelleri paste, centrifugation did not damage the cells and the number of total marine bacteria reduced significantly from 2.9 × 106 to 8.3 × 105 colony-forming units per milliliter. Chaetoceros muelleri and Chaetoceros calcitrans pastes stored with addition of 0.1% ascorbic acid had a shelf life shorter than 2 wk. For the treatment without additive, results with Evan’s blue stain showed that cells (99%) remained viable until the sixth week of storage for C. muelleri and seventh week of storage for Skeletonema sp. and C. calcitrans. The number of bacteria did not increase during storage for C. calcitrans and Skeletonema (P > 0.05). For C. muelleri, an increase in bacteria (P < 0.05) was observed after the sixth week of storage. This study demonstrated the feasibility to produce and store microalgae paste for a period of 2–8 wk, which allows it to be used as food source and also optimizes the use of microalgae cultured in laboratory

Nursery performance of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) postlarvae in different salinities

Nursery performance, development, and RNA:DNA ratio were investigated in Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) postlarvae acclimated from a salinity of 30‰ to higher (35‰) or lower (16, 22 and 29‰) salinities and reared for 20 days. Overall, higher final weight, yield and growth rate were observed at a salinity of 29‰. RNA:DNA ratio indicated reduced growth potential at a salinity of 35‰. Low salinities resulted in more developed individuals. Thus, early postlarval F. paulensis should not be stocked in salinities higher than that of the original hatchery, otherwise in lower salinities postlarvae should be older and/or have an extended nursery phase. Results may assist in the development of nursery rearing protocols for F. paulensis, an alternative species for aquaculture in subtropical areas

In vitro degree of protein hydrolysis using enzyme extracts from larval and postlarval Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

[Extract] Live food is still widely used in shrimp hatcheries worldwide and total replacement with inert feed with similar results may only be feasible under laboratory conditions (Gallardo et al., 2002; Jones, Kamarudin, & Le Vay, 1993; Robinson, Samocha, Fox, Gandy, & McKee, 2005; Sheen & Huang, 1998). Additionally, technical details make the in vivo digestibility assessment not easy in larval and early postlarval shrimp. Thus, simple methods as in vitro degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) may be an option for first screening of feed ingredients (Lemos, Lawrence, & Siccardi, 2009; Tonheim, Nordgreen, Høgøy, Hamre, & Rønnestad, 2007). For example, in vitro pH-stat determination of the DH (%) quantifies the relative amount of peptide bonds cleaved in a protein substrate over a certain hydrolysis reaction with stable, physiological conditions. Correlation between in vitro DH and in vivo apparent protein digestibility has been reported for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Lemos et al., 2009; Lemos, Carvalho, Yasumaru, & Tacon, 2015). Furthermore, the method has shown to be sensitive to feedstuff features impairing enzyme hydrolysis, for example, the presence of protease inhibitors, and type of processing (Ezquerra, Garcia-Carreño, & Haard, 1997; Galicia-González, Goytortúa-Bores, Palacios, & Civera-Cerecedo, 2010; Lemos, Córdova-Murueta, Navarrete del Toro, & Garcia-Carreño, 2004; Lemos et al., 2009). The present study aimed at determining in vitro protein digestion (DH) of a set of 10 feed ingredients using enzyme extracts from larval and postlarval shrimp

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum): A selected annotated bibliography on aquaculture, general biology and fisheries 1967-2015

The good-quality white flesh of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and high value in some markets make it one of the most important marine fish species for future aquaculture production. Commercial cobia farming from hatchery-produced seed stock began in the late 1990s and some aspects of broodstock management, larviculture, nutrition and health, among others, still need research and improvements. The present compilation covers the period between 1967 and 2015 and includes publications on cobia general biology, fisheries and aquaculture for the potential benefit of students, researchers, farmers, and the industry

Microbial community-based protein from soybean-processing wastewater as a sustainable alternative fish feed ingredient

Abstract As the global demand for food increases, aquaculture plays a key role as the fastest growing animal protein sector. However, existing aquafeeds contain protein ingredients that are not sustainable under current production systems. We evaluated the use of microbial community-based single cell protein (SCP), produced from soybean processing wastewater, as a partial fishmeal protein substitute in juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). A 24-day feeding trial was conducted with a control fishmeal diet and a 50% fishmeal replacement with microbial community-based SCP as an experimental group, in triplicate tanks containing 20 fish each. Both diets met the protein, essential amino acids (except for lysine), and fat requirements for juvenile Asian sea bass. The microbial composition of the SCP was dominated by the genera Acidipropionibacterium and Propioniciclava, which have potential as probiotics and producers of valuable metabolites. The growth performance in terms of percent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and survival were not significantly different between groups after 24 days. The experimental group had less variability in terms of weight gain and FCR than the control group. Overall, microbial community-based protein produced from soybean processing wastewater has potential as a value-added feed ingredient for sustainable aquaculture feeds

Citogenotoxic response of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) reared in two different systems

Abstract Aquaculture production is continuously growing worldwide, and marine fish farming in Brazil is still in its infancy. Intensive farming conditions may cause physiological stress to the cultured organism, which can be evaluated by citogenotoxic biomarkers. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic effect of the rearing conditions in red blood cells of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum by using comet assay and micronucleus and other nuclear abnormalities assay. Juvenile cobia were reared for 13 weeks in indoor tank with open water circulation and in near shore cage. The comet assay and the nuclear abnormalities assay detected higher DNA damage and higher nuclear abnormalities frequency in erythrocytes of fish reared in the indoor tank. Results showed that two methods are complementary. Additionally, cobia were injected with ß-naphthoflavone (BNF) at concentrations of 2mgkg-1 and 10mgkg-1 in laboratory controlled conditions, and maintained for 7 days in separate tanks to better understand the response mechanisms of this species to a toxic substance. The comet assay did not detect any significant differences between BNF injected and control fish, whereas nuclear abnormalities assay showed significant differences between BNF injected and the control groups. The damages identified by the comet assay are repairable breaks in the DNA strands, whereas nuclear abnormalities may be permanent. Possibly the period of maintenance after injection was enough to clean BNF from the organisms and to repair the breaks in the DNA strands. As cobia seems to respond very well to genotoxic elements, comet assay and nuclear abnormalities assay would be useful tools to monitor farming conditions