Demand Estimation and Forecasting for DALDA Banaspati in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis from Multan District

The main purpose of our study is to estimate the demand equation. By using this equation, we have to forecast the future demand. To forecast demand, we have collected actual data on demand of Dalda, price of Dalda, price of Hoor and total sales from Jan 2013 – Dec 2014. By using the Multiple Regressions, we have formulated the demand equation from actual data, and then we have forecasted the values by using exponential smoothing technique for all independent variables. Forecasted demand for the Jan of 2015 is 2072.2921, Quantity demanded will increase by 272.2921 (15 percent) for Jan 2015 as compared to the Jan of 2013. We find that price elasticity is -0.825279 it means that demand of Dalda lie in inelastic portion, it means that if price increase or decrease, there is less impact on the quantity demanded. Cross price elasticity of sultan is positive, its value is 0.4964 it shows that it is substitute commodity. Cross price elasticity of Hoor should be positive, but according to our result its value is –2.718552, which means that in this specific area people are using Hoor as a complementary product .Cross price elasticity of total sales is 1.7299. Keywords: Multiple Regression Analysis, Demand Estimation and Forecasting, Elasticities, Price of Dalda, Total Sales

A Descriptive Study on Patterns of Traumatic Spinal Injuries in a Tertiary Care Hospital Rawalpindi

Introduction: Spinal injuries are one of the most debilitating injuries if not fatal and affect every dimension of patients' lives i.e. early mortality and late complications. Lifelong disability due to spinal cord injury is very common even if the patient survives early death. The current study was aimed to investigate the frequency, management, mortality, the pattern of spinal injuries and to recommend plans for better patient management based on assessment.Material and Methods: The study was descriptive, cross-sectional, and was conducted at the Neurosurgery Department of Rawalpindi Medical University and Allied Hospitals for the duration of October 2018 to January 2019. All cases of traumatic spinal injuries were included and variables noted were gender, age, mode of Injury, presenting motor power in limbs, ASIA score, diagnosis, management, outcome, and deaths.Results: In the sample size of 84 patients, the mean age was 37.1 years, the mechanism of injury due to falls was most common at 73%, the lumbar region was found to be the most common area involved. Male patients outnumbered females in the study. 14% of the patients could not survive due to the injury, 15% received cervical traction, 4% received cervical traction and anterior cervical plating, and 43% of patients underwent Transpedicular Screw Fixation, the total number of patients who expired was 25%.Conclusion: Patterns of traumatic spinal injuries are changing, shifting from road traffic accidents to falls being the primary cause nowadays, with prolonged hospital stay periods, disability for life, and high-cost treatments putting a huge burden on our already exhausted health resources. Efforts should be made to make a national registry for traumatic spinal injuries presented to the emergency department and guidelines should be established regarding occupational hazards. Awareness should be given to the general population regarding hazards at home regarding falls

Foreign Direct Investment Lead to Exports of Pakistan: An Econometric Evidence

The objective of the study is to empirically analyze that whether foreign direct investment lead to exports of Pakistan for the period from 1972 to 2014. Econometric results are estimated using Partial Adjustment Model for long run as well short run and then some diagnostic statistics are also applied for reliability of results. Long run and short run results propose positive influence of foreign direct investment, exchange rate, trade openness, and real GDP of Pakistan while inflation is found to have inverse effect of exports of Pakistan. Further tests indicate regression model free from Autocorrelation, Heteroskedasticity, abnormality of residuals and dynamic instability problems. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Real GDP, Exports, Exchange Rate, Inflation

Research Output of Government College University Lahore, Pakistan: A Bibliometric Study Based on Scopus Database from 1908 to 2020

Abstract Purpose – The main purpose of the current study was to explore the research output of Government College University, Lahore Pakistan in terms of publications, citation trends, major research areas, co-authorship patterns, preferred journals, keywords used, and funding sponsored. Design/methodology/approach – Current study used bibliometric analysis methodology for achieving the objectives. Data were extracted from the Scopus database through a query. Query was executed in June 2021 at Prince Sultan University; Saudi Arabia and 6085 publications were retrieved. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were also defined. The results were filtered according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Finally, 6008 records were included in the final analysis which included articles, conference papers, reviews, and book chapters from 1908 to June 13, 2021. MS Excel, VOS Viewer, and Biblioshiny software were used for data analysis. Findings – Findings showed that publications and citation trends of Government College University remained low. However, the progress of publication and citations started in 2005. The top ten research areas were consisted of science subjects. Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities had no publications in the top ten areas. The majority of collaborated work from GC University authors was observed with the University of the Punjab, Lahore, University of Sargodha, and the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. GC University authors also collaborated with international authors, but this collaboration was less as compared to collaboration at the national level. The top funding sources for research was HEC Pakistan. However, international funding sources were also found. Originality/Value – Current study is unique because, with the best of research knowledge, no study has been conducted regarding the research productivity of GC University, Lahore in past. The current study has practical implications in the sense that it is helpful for authorities of the University in allocating funds for research. The current study provides a comprehensive and collective picture of the research productivity of GC University, Lahore which helps to identify weak and strong areas related to research. Keywords: Bibliometric Study, Government College University, Lahore. Research Productivity, Bibliometric Analysis

PHYSICAL AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF LATE PRECAMBRIAN AND CAMBRIAN SALT RANGE ROCKS OF PUNJAB

Thirteen rock types including Sandstone, Siltstone, Dolomite, Shale, Gypsum and Rock Salt collected from five different formations of Salt Range area of Pakistan were tested to assess their physical and index properties. Specific gravity, dry and wet unit weights, moisture contents, porosity, water absorption and slake durability index were determined. Results indicate that most of the rocks have their specific gravity and unit weight values in the standard range. Higher durability indices and low water absorption values of sandstones and dolomite make them suitable for construction materials. While higher porosity of Baghanwala sandstone, lower and upper Khewra sandstone indicates their potential as hydrocarbon bearing reservoir and at the same time make them an ideal candidate for greenhouse gases sequestration in the subsurface.&nbsp

Study on Desiccant and Evaporative Cooling Systems for Livestock Thermal Comfort: Theory and Experiments

The present study considers evaporative cooling and desiccant unit-based air-conditioning (AC) options for livestock AC application. In this regard, proposed systems are investigated by means of experiments and thermodynamic investigations. Air-conditioning requirements for animals are theoretically investigated and temperature-humidity index (THI) is estimated. A lab-scale heat mass exchanger based on the Maisotsenko-cycle evaporative cooling conception (MEC) is set up and its performance is evaluated at different ambient air conditions. In addition, a desiccant-based air-conditioning (DAC) unit is thermodynamically evaluated using a steady-state model available in the literature. The study focuses on the ambient conditions of Multan which is the 5th largest city of Pakistan and is assumed to be a typical hot city of southern Punjab. The study proposed three kinds of AC combination i.e., (i) stand-alone MEC, (ii) stand-alone desiccant AC, and (iii) M-cycle based desiccant AC systems. Wet bulb effectiveness of the stand-alone MEC unit resulted in being from 64% to 78% whereas the coefficient of performance for stand-alone desiccant AC and M-cycle based desiccant AC system was found to be 0.51 and 0.62, respectively. Results showed that the stand-alone MEC and M-cycle based desiccant AC systems can achieve the animals’ thermal comfort for the months of March to June and March to September, respectively, whereas, stand-alone desiccant AC is not found to be feasible in any month. In addition, the ambient situations of winter months (October to February) are already within the range of animal thermal comfort