Ethiopia 2015-2018

UIDB/04627/2020 UIDP/04627/2020This study analyses the dynamics of mass protests in Ethiopia between 2015 and 2018 through the lenses of the political opportunity structure theory. It focuses on youth movements - Qeerroo in Oromia and Fano in Amhara - which despite their distinct trajectories and geographic origins came together at a key juncture to support both common (e.g. democracy, human rights) and competing aims (fuelled by ethnic grievances). Building on qualitative material collected during field work (semi-structured interviews, newspapers, and reports), this chapter shows how protesters took advantage of three opportunities arising in the political context, to engage in effective collective action: The leadership vacuum and intra-party fighting that followed the death of Meles Zenawi, the alliance between Qeerroo and Fano groups, and the access to internet and digital activism. However, the brutal state repression, ultimately explains the (limited) outcome of the protests. Indeed, while the protests started by triggering a transformation in politics, the initial reformist momentum eventually derailed as a new spiral of violence escalated, and past authoritarian practices gained ground. This study contributes to wider debates on the emergence and impact of protest in post-conflict authoritarian settings.publishersversionpublishe

Teste de espécies/procedências de pinus no planalto do Tapajós, Pará.

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A Dynamic Theory of Resource Wars

We develop a dynamic theory of resource wars and study the conditions under which such wars can be prevented. Our focus is on the interaction between the scarcity of resources and the incentives for war in the presence of limited commitment. We show that a key parameter determining the incentives for war is the elasticity of demand. Our first result identifies a novel externality that can precipitate war: price-taking firms fail to internalize the impact of their extraction on military action. In the case of inelastic resource demand, war incentives increase over time and war may become inevitable. Our second result shows that in some situations, regulation of prices and quantities by the resource-rich country can prevent war, and when this is the case, there will also be slower resource extraction than the Hotelling benchmark (with inelastic demand). Our third result is that because of limited commitment and its implications for armament incentives, regulation of prices and quantities might actually precipitate war even in some circumstances where wars would not have arisen under competitive markets

Uzingatifu wa sarufi katika tafsiri

Sarufi inafafanuliwa kama kanuni, sheria au taratibu zinazotawala katika viwango vyote vya uchambuzi wa lugha ambavyo ni umbosauti (au fonolojia), umboneno (au mofolojia), miundomaneno (au sintaksia) na umbomaana (au semantiki). Kuhusiana na masuala ya tafsiri, kanuni muhimu sana zinazopaswa kuzingatiwa ni zile za kiwango cha miundomaneno au sentensi. Kanuni katika kiwango cha miundomaneno, kwa jumla, huwa zinahusu uchaguzi wa maneno sahihi katika muktadha wa maelezo na jinsi maneno kama hayo yanavyopangiliwa kuunda vipashio mbalimbali vya sentensi na sentensi zenyewe. Kwa jumla, huwa kuna aina mbili za tafsiri: tafsiri halisi na tafsiri huru. Nasution 1988 hufikiri kwamba aina hizi mbili za tafsiri hukinzana

A evolução do conhecimento sobre o paricá para reflorestamento no Estado do Pará.

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Espécies florestais nativas e exóticas: comportamento silvicultural no planalto do Tapajós - Pará.

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Placing community-based multiple-use forest management at the centre of the forest policy agenda.

Brazilian forestry law recognizes forests as public heritage for all citizens, and further recognizes their role in promoting social welfare for rural communities, which use and have domain of over 50% of Amazon public forests. However, there is a clear lack of public policies to support this notion. As such, a key issue for the community forestry sector is the need to focus on integration of traditional and technical knowledge and the promotion of institutional and local capacity of communities to manage these forests, and as such maintain in the long-term their economic and environmental goods and services. Rural education and training has a central role in the formation of a new generation of forest producers with management skills, though the response in terms of empowerment is slow, requiring at least a decade of investments. In the short-term, a transitional model is required to promote new arrangements in the relation between communities and businesses. With the government and civil society assuming a mediator role in the process to ensure a better balance between the private enterprise objective of maximizing profits, and the socio-environmental objectives of assuring participation of the local people in revenue distribution, and of minimizing impacts on biodiversity. Shared management is a crucial aspect for both the forest concession model, and for scaling up community forestry. Integration of forests into a new paradigm of economic development and social inclusion through their multiple use should consider the value of products and ecosystem services. Achieving this goal will depend on the capacity to promote local governance, negotiate the expansion of educational and infrastructure policies in the rural environment, and ensure the presence of technical assistance in the field. Finally, comes the need to foster responsible markets and consumers, linking forest products, environmental services and poverty alleviation in the tropical region.IUFRO17-624. Na publicação consta: Castro Euler, A. M.; Carneiro Guedes, M; Gazel Yared, J. A